Exam 1 Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

a planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discovery of solutions to problems or questions

nursing research

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the body of knowledge that is unique to the discipline of nursing

nursing science

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what does nursing science include

clinical nursing research

research in nursing

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nursing research conducted by nurses either individually or in a team that addresses human responses to alterations or potential alterations in health

clinical nursing research

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components of evidence based practice

Research
Clinical expertise
Patient preferences

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what is nursing described as

both a science and an art

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what types of processes do nurses use

scientific research (PhD) and EBP (DNP) processes

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4 Major Historical Influences on Nursing Research

Educational preparation of nurses in universities
Development of professional journals
Theory & taxonomy development
(the language of science) NANDA, NIC, NOC
Funding for conducting research

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what year was Nightingale Training school for Nurses” established in UK (now part of Kings College in London)

1860

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First nursing schools in US

1872

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Criteria set for undergraduate nursing research course in BSN programs

1976

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year of Development of first Professional Journal

1900 – American Journal of Nursing

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Nursing was defined in the ANA Social Policy Statement

1980

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current and future emphasis of nursing

Promotion of excellence in nursing science by conducting clinically based outcome studies that provide the foundation for evidence-based practice

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Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Advancing the Quality of Life: Symptom Management and Self-Management
End-of-Life and Palliative Care
Innovation
Developing Nurse Scientists

Strategic Plan 2011 (nursing research areas of focus)

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this must be the predominant focus of research efforts

Direct nursing interventions

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3 phases of nursing research

Service – 1900 to 1946
Academic – 1947 to 1959
Clinical – 1960 to present

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describe the service phase

Education = Hospital-based 
Uniformed services
Research  focus
Time &amp; motion studies by engineers
Role &amp; function studies by sociologists

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describe the academic phase

Education = University-based 
Research focus 
Curriculum
teaching methods
role &amp; function of dean/faculty

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describe the clinical phase

Education = advanced practice nursing with graduate education  in nursing
Standards for clinical practice 
Nursing diagnosis (NANDA),  interventions (NIC), outcomes (NOC)
Qualitative research
Research focus
Clinical studies
Research utilization/EBP
Theory testing &amp; development

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what 4 things happened in the advancement of nursing as science

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1-education (hospital training to universities)
2-journals (research)
3-doctorates in nursing
4-national institute of nursing research (funded research)

a systematic process of investigating problems to gain knowledge about improving care that nurses provide

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nursing research

sources of evidence

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Tradition
Expert authority
Trial and error
Personal experiences
Intuition
Borrowed evidence
Scientific research

steps of the research process

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1- identify the research question
2- conduct a review of the literature
3- identify a theoretic framework
4-select a research study
5-implement the study
6-analyze the data
7-draw conclusions
8- disseminate findings

an approach to decision-making in which the clinician | (physician, nurse, etc) uses

evidence based practice

3 components of evidence based practice

1. current best evidence or research-based information available (external evidence) 2. clinical expertise & outcomes management or quality improvement projects (internal evidence) 3. consultation with the patient/family/community

nurses use what to review research publications & other information sources

critical thinking skills

after sources are critically evaluated...

nurses use their clinical decision-making skills to apply evidence to patient care

Use search skills to locate up-to-date information from relevant, valid _____________ about the effects of different forms of nursing care

systematic reviews of research

what is the strongest evidence

secondary sources

what are examples of secondary sources

Summary review | Clinical practice guidelines

original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it

primary source

commentary, summary, review or interpretations of primary sources often written by those not involved in the original work

secondary source

a summary of evidence on a particular topic, typically by an expert or expert panel that used a rigorous process for identifying, appraising, and synthesizing multiple studies

systematic review

describe Quantitative (level I)

Systematic review with meta-analysis or Cochrane review Integrative review Narrative review Clinical practice guidelines

describe Qualitative (level V)

Metasummary | Meta- synthesis

5 step approach for evidence based practice

ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess

hierarchy of evidence I-III

I: systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs II: At least one well designed RCT III: Well designed controlled trials without randomization

hierarchy of evidence IV-VI

IV: well-designed case-control and cohort studies V: systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies VI: a single descriptive or qualitative study

hierarchy of evidence level VII

the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees

what level has the highest strength of evidence

level 1

what determines the strength of evidence

Level of evidence + quality of the evidence

Evidence-Based Practice equals what

high quality healthcare

types of qualitative research

``` Historical Hermeneutic inquiry Descriptive analysis Ethnoscience Philosophical inquiry Narrative inquiry Content analysis ```

describe quantative

Logical Positivism belief in obtaining objective data through measurement instruments “truth” is absolute; there is a single reality that one can define by careful measurement

describe qualatative

Naturalistic Interpretivism obtaining subjective data by understanding meaning under natural conditions “truth” is dynamic; there may be many realities by studying persons as they interact & in their socio-historical settings; Because perception varies with the individual, including researchers, many meanings are possible

literature differences between qualitative and quantatitive

Quantitative: literature review Qualitative: no literature

theory differences between Quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative: theoretical framework or theory Qualitative: no framework or theory

human sample differences between Quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative: subjects Qualitative: participants or informants

sample selection differences between quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative: random Qualitative: non random

Exam 1 Flashcards

(50 cards)