Exam 2

Question 1

what are steps 1-4 in the research process

Answer 1

1) identify the research question
2) conduct a review of the literature
3) identify a theoretical framework
4) select a research design

Question 2

what are steps 5-8 in the research process

Answer 2

5) implement the study
6) analyze data
7) draw conclusions
8) disseminate findings

Question 3

concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense and including one or more concepts

Answer 3

research question

Question 4

how do you narrow the research question

Answer 4

clinical practice, problem of interest, research topic, generate question, research problem, research purpose, research question

Question 5

Every primary research report has at least one

Answer 5

overarching research question

Question 6

What is the relationship between theory, practice, and research question(s)?

Answer 6

Theory is born in practice, is refined in research, and must and can return to practice if research is to be other than a draining off of energy from the main business of nursing and theory is more than idle speculation

Question 7

describe level 1 evidence

Answer 7

meta analysis
systematic reviews of RCT
integrative reviews
current practice guidelines

Question 8

describe level 2 evidence

Answer 8

randomized controlled trials

Question 9

describe level 3 evidence

Answer 9

controlled trials without randomization

quasi-experimental

Question 10

describe level 4 evidence

Answer 10

cohort studies (epidemiologic)
case controlled studies (epidemiologic)

Question 11

describe level 5 evidence

Answer 11

systematic review of descriptive studies
systematic review of qualitative studies (meta analysis)
correlational studies

Question 12

describe level 6 evidence

Answer 12

single descriptive study
single QUALITATIVE study
case studies (epidemiologic)
case reports
concept analysis

Question 13

describe level 7 evidence

Answer 13

EXPERT OPINION of authorities
reports of expert communities
manufacturer’s recommendations
traditional literature reviews

Question 14

Concepts (building blocks of theory) are identified in

Answer 14

qualitative research (level VI evidence)

Question 15

Hypotheses (theoretical ideas) are tested in

Answer 15

quantitative research at all levels (level II, III, IV, VI evidence)

Question 16

Nursing theory to have impact for practice must be a theory at the most sophisticated level

Answer 16

a situation-producing theory

level II or III evidence

Question 17

researchable questions for level 6

Answer 17

what is
what are
(factor isolation questions)

Question 18

researchable questions for level 4

Answer 18

what is the relationship

factor related questions

Question 19

researchable questions for level 2 or 3

Answer 19

what would happen if
why
(situation relating questions)

Question 20

Where is the research question found in an article

Answer 20

Research question(s) is/are either implied in the purpose statement or explicitly written in the article

Question 21

steps of evidence based process

Answer 21

1) identify research question
2) search literature for highest level of evidence available
3) conduct a critical appraisal of literature for quality and applicability
4) institute recommendations in practice
5) evaluation outcomes of change in practice

Question 22

what model is used in evidence based practice

Answer 22

PICOT

Question 23

what does PICOT stand for

Answer 23

Patient population or pt condition of interest
Intervention of interest 
Comparison of interest 
Outcome of interest
Time

Question 24

qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that are manipulated or measured in research

Answer 24

variables

Question 25

concept vs variable in relation to pain

Answer 25

``` concept = pain (uncomfortable experience) variable= intensity, type, location, and duration of pain ```

Question 26

definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions

Answer 26

conceptual definition

Question 27

definitions that explicitly state how the variable will be measured

Answer 27

operational definition

Question 28

intervention or treatment that is manipulated by the researcher

Answer 28

independent variable

Question 29

outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable

Answer 29

dependent variable

Question 30

terminology associated with dependent

Answer 30

Outcome Effect Response Y

Question 31

terminology associated with independent

Answer 31

``` Intervention Treatment Manipulated or Stimulated Experimental Group(ing) Predictors (factors) X ```

Question 32

characteristics or attributes of subjects collected to describe the sample; found in a research report in a table or narrative format

Answer 32

demographic variable

Question 33

not of direct interest to the researcher but could affect or interfere with the major variables measured; often controlled in a study; exist in all studies

Answer 33

Extraneous or confounding variable

Question 34

what is used to control for extraneous variables

Answer 34

inclusion or exclusion criteria

Question 35

The assignment of numerical values to concepts to reflect properties of those concepts

Answer 35

measurement

Question 36

levels of measurement (lowest to highest)

Answer 36

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Question 37

numbers (with no quantitative meaning) are assigned simply as labels to classify attributes into mutually exclusive & collectively exhaustive categories when entering data

Answer 37

nominal

Question 38

what must be used for nominal level of measurement

Answer 38

nonparametric statistics

Question 39

numbers (with no meaning for distance between categories) used to designate an order or ranking of attributes

Answer 39

ordinal

Question 40

what must be used for ordinal level of measurement

Answer 40

Must use nonparametric statistics

Question 41

numbers assigned that indicate both the ordering | of an attribute & the equal magnitude of the distance between different amounts of the attribute

Answer 41

interval/ratio

Question 42

ratio measurements have

Answer 42

an absolute zero point (zero means absolutely none of the property)

Question 43

what may be used for interval/ration level of measurement

Answer 43

parametric statistics

Question 44

example of interval

Answer 44

room temperature in degrees

Question 45

example of ratio

Answer 45

pain level on a VAS scale

Question 46

example of ordinal

Answer 46

what extent are you satisfied with your care? scale from 1(extremely dissatisfied) to 5(extremely satisfied)