Exam 2 pt 2

Question 1

translating concepts of interest in a study into something observable & measurable

Answer 1

Operationalizing a Concept

Question 2

a method to measure (quantify) a concept or variable(s) of interest

Answer 2

instrument

Question 3

(survey) via mail, in-person, email, phone

Answer 3

questionnaire

Question 4

systematic coding, specified time

Answer 4

observation

Question 5

researcher is present

Answer 5

interview scale

Question 6

existing records

Answer 6

document review

Question 7

instruments used in phenomenology

Answer 7

in depth interviews
diaries
artwork

Question 8

instruments used in grounded theory

Answer 8

observations
open ended questions(interview)
individuals or small groups

Question 9

instruments used in ethnography

Answer 9

observation
open ended questions (interview)
diagrams
documents
photographs

Question 10

instruments used in historical

Answer 10

open ended questions 
interviews
documents
photographs
artifacts

Question 11

examines causes of certain effects

Answer 11

experimental/clinical trial

Question 12

examines why certain effects occur

Answer 12

quasi experimental

Question 13

examines relationships among variables

Answer 13

correlational

Question 14

answers what questions

describes frequency of occurrence

Answer 14

exploratory/descriptive

Question 15

unsystematic error such as a transient state in the subject, the context of a study, or in the administration of the instrument (reliability)

Answer 15

random error

Question 16

altering the measurement of true responses in some way consistently (validity)

Answer 16

systematic error

Question 17

Measurement Error theoretical formula

Answer 17

observed score= true score+error

Question 18

what is reliability concerned with

Answer 18

the repeatability or consistency with which an instrument measures the concept of interest

Question 19

three types of reliability

Answer 19

stability, equivalence, internal consistency

Question 20

(test/retest or intra-rater)

Answer 20

stability

Question 21

(inter-rater) – alternate form

Answer 21

equivalence

Question 22

homogeneity – split-half reliability, item-to-total correlation, Kuder-Richardson coefficient, or Chronbach’s coefficient alpha

Answer 22

internal consistency

Question 23

how is reliability reported

Answer 23

as a reliability coefficient

Question 24

how are reliability coefficients (r) expressed

Answer 24

are expressed as positive correlation coefficients ranging from 0 to +1

Question 25

how do you interpret r

Answer 25

r=0.80 or higher is acceptable for existing instruments | R=0.70 or higher is acceptable for a newly developed instrument

Question 26

is a necessary, though insufficient, condition for validity

Answer 26

high reliability

Question 27

Instruments may have good reliability even if they

Answer 27

are not valid | they don’t measure what they are supposed to measure

Question 28

is concerned with the consistency of repeated measures under the same circumstances

Answer 28

stability

Question 29

what is stability also called

Answer 29

test-retest reliability or intra-rater reliability

Question 30

what is equivalence focused on comparing

Answer 30

``` two versions of the same instrument (alternate form reliability) two observers (inter-rater reliability) measuring the same event; consistency in raters using discrete categories ```

Question 31

a reliability coefficient of what indicates good agreement

Answer 31

.75 or greater

Question 32

addresses the correlation of various | items within a single instrument or homogeneity; all items are measuring the same concept

Answer 32

internal consistency

Question 33

internal consistency is also called what

Answer 33

split-half, item-to-total correlation, | Kuder-Richardson coefficient, or Chronbach’s coefficient alpha

Question 34

divide items on instrument in half to make two versions & use Spearman-Brown formula to compare halves

Answer 34

split half reliability

Question 35

each item on instrument is correlated with the total score; strong items have high correlations with the total score

Answer 35

item to total correlation

Question 36

divide the instrument with dichotomous (yes/no) or ordinal responses in half every possible way

Answer 36

Kuder-Richardson or KR-20

Question 37

divide the instrument with interval or ratio responses in half every possible way

Answer 37

Cronbach’s alpha (coefficient alpha)

Question 38

the extent to which an instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 38

validity

Question 39

types of validity

Answer 39

Content or face validity Construct validity Criterion-related validity

Question 40

how well the instrument compares to an older instrument (concurrent validity) or is able to predict future events, behaviors, or outcomes (predictive validity)

Answer 40

criterion related validity

Question 41

how representative is the instrument of the concept(s)

Answer 41

content validity | -determined by a panel of experts

Question 42

extent to which the instrument performs theoretically; how well does the instrument measure a concept

Answer 42

construct validity

Question 43

ways to determine construct validity

Answer 43

Hypothesis testing Convergent or divergent or multi-trait-multi-method testing Known group(s) testing Factor analysis

Question 44

use two or more instruments to measure the same concept (example: two pain scales)

Answer 44

convergent testing

Question 45

compare scores from two or more instruments that measure opposite concepts (example: depression vs. happiness)

Answer 45

divergent testing

Question 46

Administer instrument to subjects known to be high or low on the characteristic being measured

Answer 46

known groups (construct validity)

Question 47

Use complex statistical analysis to identify multiple dimensions of a concept

Answer 47

factor analysis (construct validity)

Question 48

what are the data collection methods

Answer 48

interviews observation text sampling

Question 49

what is crucial for qualitative data collection

Answer 49

trustworthiness