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A+P 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blood functions

A

transport materials
temp. regulation
fluid/ solute regulation
hemeostasis

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2
Q

blood properties

A

8% body weight
4-6 L
5x thicker than H2O
pH 7.35-7.45

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3
Q

blood composition

A

plasma
cells
platelets

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4
Q

plasma

A

ground substance
92% water
dissolved proteins

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5
Q

plasma dissolved proteins

A 
albumins
     soluble and maintain osmot. pressure
     consume and transp. mater.
     60% (liver)
globulins
     35% (liver)
      transp. mater. and immunity
Fibrinogen
      4% (liver)
      solube and clot
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6
Q

plasma dissolved solutes

A 
electroly.
       used for cellular act. and osmotic pressure
       cations (Na+) and anions (Cl-)
gases
        co2, o2 and n2
nutrients
         aa, glucose and fats
wastes
        nitrogenous products
hormones
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7
Q

RBC

A

erythrocytes

99% of blood

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8
Q

RBC function and structure

A

biconcave+ flexible

transport CO2 and O2

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9
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes rxn btw CO2 and H2O

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

binds to CO2 and O2
gives blood red color
found in cytoplasm!

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11
Q

RBC development

A

hemopoietic or marrow tissue
hemopoietic stem cells
CFU colony forming by erythropoetin
(triggered by low O2 levels)

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12
Q

causes of low O2 levels

A

anemia, blood loss, respir. damage, high altitude, exercise

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13
Q

RBC destruction

A

120 day lifespan

3 mil. produced and destroyed per second

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14
Q

hemolysis

A

cell mem. leaks
alters macrophages
phagocytized in liver and spleen

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15
Q

hemolysis globin and heme

A

heme- iron + biliverdin
excreted
globin- aa proteins

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16
Q

WBC

A

leukocytes
remain in CT tissue
4-10,000 WBC/ mm3
defense

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17
Q

Diapedisis

A

wbc transporting from blood to tissue

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18
Q

chemotaxis

A

wbc in blood following chem. concen. gradient

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19
Q

WBC by %

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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20
Q

WBC development

A

bone marrow
myloid or lymphoid stem cells
CSF colony stim. factor
(hormone regulated)

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21
Q

myloid stem cells

A

monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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22
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

platlets

A

plug wounds
dev from megakaryocytes
10 day lifespan
release chem signals to o/ cells to clot

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24
Q

hemostasis

A

vascular phase
platelet phase
coagulation phase
*all triggered by exposure to collagen

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25
vascular phase
dec. diam. of sm muscle in arteries | dec blood flow
26
platlet phase
chem sig. relases Thromboxane A2 inc. epithelium adhesiveness attracts more platelets
27
coagulation phase
formation of blood clot extrinsic and intrinsic pathway ends in fibrin formation (net) from fibrinogen
28
coagulation phase- extrinsic path
triggered- outside chem. signals | damaged epithel.
29
coagulation phase- intrinsic path
triggered- exposure collagen | activates proenzymes and clotting
30
pericardium
outermost layer
31
myocardium
middle layer (thick)
32
endocardium
inner most layer lines heart
33
myocardium structure
fibers connected by intercalated discs cells connected by gap junctions voltage NOT cross cell mem.
34
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid and bicuspid
35
semilunar valves
pulmonary semilun | aortic semilun
36
pulmonary circuit (start + stop)
pulm. artieries | pulm. veins
37
systemic circuit (start + stop)
aorta | infer. and super. vena cava
38
cardiac muscle metabolism
aerobic (need O2) get energy from fatty acids create ATP
39
cardiac muscle mitochondria
excess amount of mitochon. | slow twitch = slow to fatigue
40
conducting cells
"officers" maintain own rhythmn (autorhythmicity) not maintain RMP
41
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
3 Na out 2K in ``` Repolarization k leaves to area lower conc. cell becomes more - inhibits k movement reach equilibr. of -90 ``` ``` Depolarization Na enters along conc. gradient cell becomes less - inhibits Na mvmnt reach equilib. +50 ```
42
conc. of Na and K
K conc. greater inside Na conc. greater outside
43
conducting cells MP
``` slow Na MP less - fast Ca @ thresh. MP + K leaks along conc. gradient make cell - (repolar) triggers Na in ```
44
contractile cells
more abundant do all work stimulated by conducting cells
45
contractile cell MP
``` Na fast rapid depolar (more +) Ca slow "Plateau"- prolonged contraction K leaks along conc. gradient make cell - (repolar) triggers Na in ```
46
refractory period
period where cannot be stimulated | prevent defibrilation
47
cardiac electrophysiology fun
measures mvmnt ions
48
SA node
where ion mvmnt beings "pacemaker" in top R atrium fastest beating part of heart
49
AV node
``` inferior to SA btw atria and ventricle on R delay ven contraction (give time blood to leave atrias) bpm dependant on fill time ```
50
AV bundle
wave goes down interven. septum
51
Purkinje fibers
on floor of vent. | send ions up and to side of heart
52
heart contraction origin and direction
starts at bottom and works way up
53
flow of ions from SA
SA AV Ventricles + Apex (AV bundle + Purkinje)
54
EKG
electrocardiogram
55
Normal sinus rhythmn
P wave QRS complex T wave
56
P wave
atrial depolarization | atrias contract and move blood to ven.
57
QRS complex
atrial repolar. ventricle depolar. (spike is bigger bc more musc.= more cells)`
58
T wave
ventricle repolarization | K+ leaves cell
59
EKG and pulse measurement
can count boxes btw P waves
60
EKG condition detection
look at amplitude, intervals and patterns
61
bradycardia
delayed beat | flat line between each interval
62
systole
contraction | blood ejection
63
diastole
relaxation | flling
64
phases of heart cycle 1-4
ventricl. filling isovol. contraction ventric. ejection isovol. relaxation
65
ventricular filling av open/closed low or high p
``` av open pressure atrium> ventricle venous return (passive) low P atrias contract ```
66
end diastolic volume (EDV)
EDV amount of blood after filling max volume longer fill = greater EDV
67
isovolumetric contraction
av closed pressure ven> atria (blood can't go back) pressure ven< arteries (blood can't go out) inc ventricle pressure to threshold
68
ventricular ejection
ven. pressure past threshold sl open pressure ven> pressure arteries max ven. pressure
69
end systolic volume (ESV)
ESV | min amount of blood
70
isovolumentric relaxation
sl closed pressure dec in ven. ven pressure< arteries (blood can't go out) atria pressure < ven (blood can't go back)
71
s1 heart sound
lub closing av valves tricuspid and bicuspid lower sound
72
s2 heart sound
dub higher sound closing semilunar valves aortic and pulmonary
73
cardiac output
SVxHR | control flow of blood from heart
74
heart rate factors
chronotropic effects Autonomic system and hormones (PSNS + SNS)
75
stroke volume factors
preload afterload contracility
76
PSNS threshold
relaxes heart cardioinhibitory center Na threshold higher hyperpolarized
77
SNS threshold
stimulates heart cardioaccelatory center Na threshold lower reduced repolarization
78
PSNS hormones
``` ach binds to muscarinic inc K+ perm. dec Ca perm. hyperpol. Na threshold higher ```
79
SNS hormones
``` noeprine. binds beta receptors inc conc. cAMP in cell inc Ca influx depolarize (inside less -) Na threshold lower ```
80
epineph and norepineph
``` inc heart rate SNS bind beta receptor inc cAMP in cell inc. Ca perm. depolarized SA node frequency inc. myocardial conduction inc. (time takes stim to travel thru cells in heart) ```
81
ejection fraction
SV / EDV x100
82
cardiac output (CO)
SV x HR
83
stroke volume
EDV-ESV
84
preload
blood from venous return and atrial contrac. | EDV inc= preload inc= SV inc
85
starlings law
inc blood = inc stretching = inc. contraction "optimum length-tension relation" mre blood = greater contractility
86
ventricular contrac. (agent)
inotropic agent | alters strength
87
ven. contac. factors
ANS- SNS + PSNS | hormones
88
inc SNS
higher SV
89
dec SNS
lower SV
90
afterload
aortic pressure overcome to eject blood afterload inc. = SV dec. smaller ESV = smaller SV
91
relation btw EDV and SV
EDV inc = SV inc | EDV dec = SV dec
92
relation btw ESV and SV
ESV inc = SV dec | ESV dec = SV inc
93
relation btw VR and EDV
VR inc = EDV inc | Vr dec = EDV dec
94
relation btw contacili. and ESV
con. inc = ESV dec | con. dec = ESV inc
95
vasculature histology
``` tunica interna CT and endothelial tunica media CT, SM CT and elastic tunica externa CT only ```
96
Difference btw artery and vein
``` vein larger lumen artery more muscular (thicker tunica media) vein thinner walls arterys more elastic veins have valves ```
97
blood distribution in %
``` systemic circuit overall 84% arteries 15% veins 64% pulmonary circuit 9% heart 5% systemic> pulmonary veins> arteries ```
98
artery types
elastic distributing resistance
99
elastic arterys
``` press. reservoir keep pressure from heart constant largest of vessels fun- transport lrg quantity of blood absorb pressure changes ```
100
pulse
measure of force put on arteries and force exerted back
101
distributing arteries (muscular)
smaller diameter Ex. brachial and femoral fun- local perfusion
102
``` resistance artery (arterioles) dialationv constriction ```
local control blood flow into cap. beds influence periph. reistance of vasculature dilation- res down, volume up, inc. of blood constriction- dec. blood, volume down, res up
103
arterial sense organs | - carotid and aortic sinus
baroreceptors changes in pressure aortic (body) carotid (internal)
104
arterial sense organs | -carotid and aortic bodies
chemoreceptors pH, CO, and O2 aortic (body) carotid (external)
105
capillaries
material exchange CO and O2 endothelial tube form capillary beds (networks)
106
anastomosis
bypass capillares
107
precapillary sphincter
gateway to cap beds | local and intrinsic effects
108
continuous cap
most common* | diffusion H2O, solutes and lipid-sol substances
109
fenestrated cap
``` "window" small move mat. in bulk hormones, nutri. and waste perforated walls ```
110
sinusoids
technically kind of cap large! made of liver and spleen marrow
111
veins
low pressure, high volume distensible (compliant) valves (SMP)
112
vein func. prevent blood loss
transfer blood to arteries | vasoconstriction
113
pie and pieces of pie analogy
size pie- cardiac output size of pieces distributed- vessels determined by resistance
114
relationship btw flow and reistance
if res inc. flow dec | (faucet)
115
relationship btw flow and pressure
if press. inc. flow inc. | (hand pump)
116
flow equation
change in pressure / resistance pressure= heart resistance= vessels
117
inc pressure factors
heart pumps faster | inc. CO build up
118
factors in resistance
``` diameter of vessel VD inc = R dec length of vessel VD inc= R inc turbulence of vessel T inc= R inc blood viscosity BV inc= R inc ```
119
vessel diameter graph
aorta high capillaries low vena cava high
120
cross sectional area graph
aorta low capillaries high vena cava low
121
blood velocity graph
aorta high capillaries low vena cava medium
122
blood pressure graph
aorta high capillaries low vena cava lower
123
systolic pressure
ven. contraciton
124
diastolic pressure
ven. relaxation | measure amnt blood in arterial system
125
pulse pressure
added to heart | SP-DP
126
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
DP+PP/2 or SP+ (DP*2)/3
127
pressure in systemic v pulmonary
systemic > pulmonary | systemic longer = mre resistance
128
response high CO in exercise
vasodil. of precap sphinc dec resistan. - inc. blood flow local vasodila. - dec blood P
129
baroreflex path to brain
``` detect change blood P sensor- sinus info to medulla carotid- glossopha. aortic- vagus ```
130
chemoreflex path to brain
``` detect change blood pH, CO and O2 sensor- bodies info to medulla carotid- glossopha. aortic- vagus ```
131
medullary ischemic reflex
stim- changes cerebral spinal fluid | sensor- medull. chemorecp.
132
Low BP feedback loop
barorecp. inhibited cardioaccel. stimulated cardioinhibi inhibit vasomotor stimulated (opposite) vasoconstric
133
high BP feedback loop
``` barorecp. stimulated cardioinhibitory stim. cardioacc. inhibit vasomotor inhibit (opposite) vasodilation ```
134
rapid horm. response
changes cardiac output vasoconstric. epine. and norepineph.
135
medium horm. response
inc. blood vol vasoconstric angiotension
136
long term horm. response
lose blood vol. aldosterone naturietic peptides
137
light exercise
vasodil. to skel. musc. inc. venous return (respir. pump) inc. cardiac output inc. CO inc. chemorecp. dec blood vessels
138
heavy exercise
inc c. output inc CO majority of blood to skel. muscles
139
capillary exchange
simple diff. | lipid soluble
140
transcytosis
transp. proteins across cell mem
141
hydrostat P> osmotic P
mvmnt fluid out! arterioles "filtration"
142
hydrostat P< Osmotic P
mvmnt fluid in! venules "reabsorption"
143
Net filtration P (NFP)
capillary hydrostat. P (CHP) - | blood colloid osmotic P (BCOP) =
144
NFP in arterioles
CHP > BCOP high net flow out- filtration
145
NFP in middle of exchange
CHP= BCOP | net flow NA
146
NFP in venules
CHP< BCOP net flow in "absorption"
147
tools for venous return
gravity pressure gradient by heart skeletal muscle pump respir. pump
148
skel. musc. pump
musc. contracts and inc p in veins | valves keep blood frm going back
149
respir. pump
dec p vena cava (thoracic expansion) such more blood in most active when breathe deeply inc EDV
150
circ. shock causes
tissues not getting enough blood
151
cardiogenic shock
inadeq. pumping ability
152
low venous return causes
hypovolu. shock (low blood volume) obstructed ven. return (physcial blockage) venous pooling
153
septic shock
bac. infection | endotoxin dial. blood vessels
154
anaphylactic shock
widespread degranulat. of histamine blood p dec heart rate inc
155
shock responses
``` compensated shock homeostasis returned decompensated shock venous return dec cardiac output dec blood p dec FATAL ```
156
lymph
interstit. fluid circulation to lymph cap. move materials (blood of lymphatic system)
157
lymph. vessels
closed systems (culdesacs) "lymphatic cap" valves
158
ducts of lymphatic system
thoracic duct | R lympha. duct
159
lymph. cells
lymphocytes long living 20 yrs T,B, natural killers
160
lymph cells- antigen presenting
``` macrophages eat+ display bad proteins on mem dendritic found in epidermis reticular lymph structure ```
161
lymphopoiesis
b and nk frm bone marrow t from thymus
162
lymph. tissues
lymph nodules MALT (mucosa assoc.) internal epithelia tonsils
163
lymph. organs
``` lymph nodes filter blood stim. imm. system thymus dec. in size w/ age control T cell maturation "thymosins" spleen remove damaged blood cells store iron/ blood imm. response ```
164
lymph. fluid homeostasis
fluid captured from circulation system + not reabsorbed put back in circ. system lymphocyte circulation
165
lymph. lipid absorption
lacteal carries fat mol. | dumped into circul. system

A+P 211 (5 decks)

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