Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
nasal cav fun
A
warms, filters, adn humidifies air
fun- smell (olfaction)
2
Q
epiglottis
A
covers larynx (lungs) when swallowing
3
Q
larynx
A
btw pharynx and trachea
voice box
air control to and from lower respir tract
4
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
anter. attachment for voice ligaments
in larynx
lrg, flat, smooth part on front
5
Q
cricoid cartilage
A
larynx
below thryoid cartilage
beginning arch of tracheal cartilage
6
Q
arytenoid cartilage
A
post attach. vocal ligam
larynx
small
7
Q
vocal folds- general fun
A
sound production
8
Q
glottis
A
system inc. vocal cords and opening btw them
9
Q
trachea
A
windpipe
c shaped hyaline cartil
larynx to lungs
10
Q
carina
A
internal medial ridge splits trachea
11
Q
tracheal cartilage
A
stripes
c shaped rings on trach
12
Q
primary (main) bronchi
A
after bification of trach
R- wider and vertical
L- thinner and horizontal
13
Q
secondary (lobar) bronchi
A
off primary bronchi
L- 2 bronchi
R- 3 bronchi
14
Q
tertiary bronchi
A
most distal
branches off secondary bronchi
15
Q
visceral pleura
A
forms outer layer lungs
16
Q
pariteal pleura
A
lines pulmon cavity
connected internal walls thoracic cav
17
Q
right lung
A
3 lobes super middle inferior connect to 2ndary bronchi
18
Q
left lung
A
2 lobes
inferi
superior
connect to 2ndary bronchi
19
Q
diaphragm
A
inhalation- diagra shrinks lung vol inc, pressure dec air allowed in exhalation- diagra expands lung vol dec, pressure inc= pushes air out
20
Q
internal intercostal
A
line towards sternum and angle up
give structure to rib cage when exhaling
21
Q
externa intercostal
A
angle down towards midline
give structure to rib cage when breathing
22
Q
rectus abdominis fun
A
pulls sternum/ ribs down to meet expanding diaph. when exhaling to dec abdominal vol. and inc pressure
23
Q
external oblique
A
compress abdomin
inc P
helps w/ defecation, vomiting and pushing
24
Q
kidney
A
fun- urine formation
removes excess H2O, electr, and protein wastes from blood
25
ureter
off renal pelvis
| transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder
26
urinary bladder
muscular sac on floor of pelvic cav.
| fun- stores urine
27
urethra
drains urinary bladder + transp. semen
28
renal artery
oxygenated blood to kidney via afferent arterioles from abdominal aorta
29
renal vein
drains cortical radiate, arcuate, and interlobar veins
| transports blood from kidney to infer. vena cava
30
flow of blood from renal artery to Glomerular
renal a, segmentary a, interlobar a, arcuate a, cortical radiate a, afferent arteriole
31
flow blood from Golmerular to inferior vena cava
glomerular, efferent arteriole, vasa recta + peritubular cap
vasa recta, cortical radiate v and arcutate v
peritubular cap to cortical radiate v, arcuate v, interlobar v, renal v, inferior vena cava
32
renal capscule
maintains shape and protects kidney
33
renal cortex
surrounds renal medulla
| fun- filtr. blood + tubular reabsorb
34
renal medulla
urine to minor calyx
35
renal pelvis
urine major calyx to ureter
36
renal hilum
point exit for renal pelvis
| superior to ureter
37
renal pyramid
seperates renal medulla into chunks
urine to minor calyx
fun- tubular reabsorb and secretion
38
renal column
divides medulla into pyramids
39
renal papilla
tip of renal pyramids (runs into minor calyx)
40
major calyx
urine from minor calyx to renal pelvis
41
segmental artery
blood from renal artery to interlobar a
42
interlobar artery
blood from segmen. a to acruate a
43
acurate artery
blood from interlobar a to cortical radiate a
44
arcuate veins
blood from venules off of vasa recta cap
| drain to renal v
45
interlobar veins
drain to renal veins
46
detrusor muscle
3 layers sm musc
| muscularis layer of urinary bladder
47
trigone
common site for urinary infections
| opening b/ urecters and urethra on bladder floor
48
external urethral orfice
female
| discharge of urine
49
prostatic urethra
male
location semen formation
urine transpor
50
membranous urethra
male
after prostatic u
transmits urine and semen
51
spongy urethra
extends from membranous urethra to end (urethral orfice)
| transports urine and semen
52
internal urethral sphincter
closes urethral orfice
| fun- maintains continence
53
external urethral sphincter
located in perineal pouch
54
glomerular capscule
"bowman's"
| encloses and protects glomerular
55
proximal convoluted tubule
| inc. histology
from golmerular capsu
have microvilli
* lumen w/ sloughed brush border (cloudy appearance)
56
nephron loop
located mostly in the medulla
| inclu. ascending and descending limbs
57
ascending limb
runs toward distal convoluted tubule
58
descending limb
runs down from glomerular to "U"
59
distal convoluted tubule
by juxtaglomerular complex
end of nephron
after ascending limb- re-enters coretex
60
collecting duct
recieve fluid from distal conv. tubule
61
macula densa
cells (Na sensors)
stim paracrine signals from juxtaglomerular
controls renin release, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration
62
podocytes
form filtration slits in basement membrane for filtration into tubules/ filtrate.
63
cortical radiate artery
after arcuate a
| supplies blood to afferent arteriole and ultimately golmerulus
64
afferent arteriole
supply one functional unit = nephron
| towards glomerular
65
glomerulus
filter out nutrients and wastes from blood
66
efferent artery
transports blood away from glomerulus to peritubular cap
67
peritubular cap
blood from effer artery
forms net like structure around renal tubule
fun- returns H2O and solutes back to blood
68
vasa recta
supply blood renal medulla
| located deep in cortex
69
cortical radiate veins
blood from vasa recta capillaries
| acurate v?
70
mons pubis
subcut fat over pubic bone
71
labia majora
outer skin folds
| fun- protection of external genitalia
72
labia minora
inner skin folds
| helps direct urine flow
73
vestibule
btw labia minora
| stretches from external urethra orifice (bladder) to vaginal orifice (vagina)
74
perineum
btw pubic symphysis and coccyx
| basically all external genitalia
75
clitoris
female sexual response
| contains erectile tissue
76
clitoral prepuce
skin folds over clit
| protection and prevents overdrying
77
hymen
skin over vaginal opening
| can break w/ intense physical act. or sex
78
greater vestibular glands
lubricate vaginal opening
| mucous producing gland
79
ovaries
maturation/ release germ cells
| produces estrogen and inhibin
80
vagina
duct for menstrual fluid
| leads to uterus
81
cervix
produces mucous barrier btw vaginal canal and uterine cav.
| provides lubrication during sex
82
uterus
supplies nut and o2 to baby through placenta
| conducts sperm
83
uterine tubes
site of fertilization btw sperm and egg
| transp germ cells from ovary
84
fimbriae
dev during ovulation
| guide egg to uterine tube
85
infundibulum
btw ovary and fallopian tube
| inc fimbriae
86
testis
produce sperm cells and hormones (testosterone)
| inside scrotom
87
scrotum
layer of skin houses testis and epididymis
| changes size w/ muscle layer to regulate temp for sperm dev and maturation
88
epididymis
head, body and tail
site for sperm maturation and dev
once mature.. (stored in tail)
89
ductus vas deferens
connects to epididymis tail
| transports sperm and fluid from epidid
90
spermatic cord
vasculature and nerves to testis
| run along inside of thighs
91
ejaculatory duct
sperm to urethra
adds secretion from prostate gland
necessary for sperm function
92
prostatic urethra
before spongy urethra
transports urine
site of semen formation
93
spongy urethra
transp urine and semen
| longest section
94
seminal vesicles
gland reg. release fluid for sperm transportation
| connects 2 ductus def
95
prostate gland
secretes fluid combine in prost urethra to form semen
96
bulbourethral glands
exocrine
| excrete mucous secretion for urethra lubrication
97
glans penis
sensory tip
| male sexual response
98
prepuce (foreskin)
if uncircumsized
| covers most or some of glans penis
99
corpus cavernosa
anterior (larger)
expands w/ blood during arousal
maintains erection
100
corpus spongiosum
outer layer surr spongy urethra posteriorly
expands w/ blood during arousal
maintains erection
101
spermatogonia
closest to basement layer on histological slide
| primordial germ cells
102
primary spermatocytes
daughter type b serpmatogonia cell enlarged
| one layer of granulosa cells
103
secondary spermatocytes
inc secondary oocyte
produced by meosis 1
multiple layers of granulosa cells
104
spermatids
produced through meosis 2
(4 cells)
immature sperm
105
nurse cells
protect germ cell and promote dev
| secrete inhibin and ABP in males
106
interstitial cells
secrete testosterone
| act. by GnRH
107
sperm head
contains nucleus and acrosome
108
sperm acrosome
lysosome covering on very tip
| contains enzymes to penetrate egg
109
sperm midpiece
rectangular area
| contains mitochondria produce ATP for mvmnt into female reproductive system
110
sperm tail
moves in whip-like motion
| from midpiece to end
111
granulosa cells
layers surrounding follicle cells
corona radiata
zone pellucida
112
primordial follicles
dev. before birth
have for entire life
incl. primary oocyte
113
primary follicle
contain larger primary oocyte and layer cuboidal cells
114
secondary follicle
encompasses secondary oocyte
115
tertiary follicle
```
contains secondary oocyte
and antrum (pool of follicular fluid)
```
116
antrum
pool of follicular fluid
| part of tertiary follicle
117
corona radiata
outermost layer of gran. cells
(blue)
have microvilli
118
mature follicle
goes into uterine tube
releases secondary oocyte to outer peritoneal cavity (into fallopian tubes)
ovulates after accumulation of FSH
119
corpus luteum
remaining follicle after ovulation
| yellow color
120
corpus albican
dev after corpus luteum if NOT pregnant
| scar tissue
121
endometrial basal layer
deep layer of inner uterine lining
| regenerates top "functional layer" w/ every period
122
endometrial functional layer
superficial layer
| sloughs w/ every period
123
myometrium
middle layer
sm muscle
thickest
124
perimetrium
thin serosa layer on outside
125
pronuclei
house dna
| located in egg and sperm respectively
126
blastomere
1 of first 2 daughter cells after meosis 1
127
two-cell stage
blastomere divides into to diff cells
128
eight-cell stage
cells divide again from two
129
morula
16 cell ball
130
blastocyst
hollow ball w/ internal cavity
131
trophoblast
outer layer of cells on blastocyst
| purple
132
embryoblast
dev into acutal embryo then fetus
inner mass of cells in blastocyst
(yellow)
133
blastocoel
inner cavity of blastocyst
134
gastrula
final blastocyst w/ all germ layers
| ecto, meso and endo
135
amnion
line of cells directly inferior to trophoblast layer
136
amniotic cavity
superior to ectoderm
| filled w/ fluid
137
yolk sac
inferior to endoderm
yellow
dev. into digestive tract
138
chorion
outermost layer
| maroon
139
allantois
off yolk sac
| dev. into part of umbilical cord
140
endoderm
bottom-most
dev. inner lining of dig tract
touches yolk sac
141
mesoderm
middle
| dev into skel muscle/ part of placenta
142
ectoderm
touches amniotic cavity
| dev. into integumentary system
143
umbilical artery
2
| remove deoxygenated blood and waste to placenta
144
umbilical vein
1
oxygenated blood to embryo via placenta
dev. into round ligament
145
placenta
attached to the uterine wall
| provides nutr. o2 and waste removal for fetus
146
decidua basalis
maternal placental membrane
147
chorionic villi
filled w/ fetal blood
surrounded by maternal blood
Christmas trees
148
ductus venosus
bypasses liver
blood directly to inferior vena cava
adult= ligamentum venosum
149
ductus arteriosus
bypass pulm. circuit
bridge btw pulmonary arteries and aorta
adult= ligamentum arteriosum
150
foramen ovale
adult= fossa ovalis
shunt btw atrias
bypass pulmonary circuit
