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A+P 211 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dig. system function

A 
ingestion
digestion
   chem and mech.
absorp
compaction
defecation
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2
Q

dig. motility (contraction)

A 
skel musc.
   oral cavity
smooth musc.
fibers on OUTSIDE of cell
1 nucleus/ cell
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3
Q

dig. system musc innervation types

A

multi-unit sm
indiv. innervation of cell

visceral sm
rhythmic act
gap junctions
one source innervation

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4
Q

smooth musc. orientation

A

transverse
prevent backwards mvmnt
central nuclei w/ cytoplasmic ring
more dotted

longitudinal
     flow in one direction
    more scattered layout
    NO striations
    few blood vessels
    more striped like
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5
Q

peristalsis

A

one direction of mvmnt

mouth to anus

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6
Q

segmentation

A

intestines
bidirec. mixing
food w/ secretions

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7
Q

secretion (organs)

A

accessory
saliv. glands
gastric glands
liver and pancreas

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8
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

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9
Q

gastric glands

A

in stomach

always open

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10
Q

main bile duct and main pancreatic duct combine to form

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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11
Q

muscosa

A

inner lining
simp. epith. tissue
lamina propria “basement mem”
CT (irr)

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12
Q

submuscosa

A

house glands, veins and vessels

superior to mucosa

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13
Q

muscularis externa

A

facili. perastalsis

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14
Q

serosa

A

outmost layer

prevents friction

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15
Q

esophagus histology (layers)

A

thin

many layer

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16
Q

stomach histology

A

thick

houses glands

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17
Q

small intestine histology

A

villi and microvilli

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18
Q

tongue

A

mucous mem
skel musc
fun- moving food, sensation, produces lingual lipase

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19
Q

teeth

A

fun- breakdown food (mech)
inc SA
allows dig enz wrk more effectively

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20
Q

salivary glands fun

A

3 (extrinsic)

produce saliva

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21
Q

saliva comp

A 
water
buffers 
antib
amylase and lipase
mucus
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22
Q

neural stimulation and saliva

A 
pns
  acc watery saliva
  acceler
sns
   creates thick saliva 
   inhib
* salivary center in medullary oblongota
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23
Q

pharynx prts

A 
oropharynx
  before back of throat
laryngopharynx
      closes trachea
      so food goes into esopha
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24
Q

esophagus

A

infer and sup esoph sphincter

fun- swallowing

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25
swallowing
oral cavity phase voluntary pharyngeal phase gag-reflux invol esophageal phase invol
26
histology of esopha
sm and skeletal musc
27
SNS effect on dig. system
inhibits | saliva, stomach, pancreas and intestines func.
28
PNS effect on dig. system
stimulates saliva production | stomach, pancreas and intestines fun.
29
regions of stomach
cardiac fundus body pyloric
30
stem cells in stomach fun
replacement cycle quickly due to acidity damage can be specialized
31
mucous cells in stomach
2 types- neck and surface produce muc. help stomach frm digesting own cells w/ acidity
32
parietal cells in stomach
secrete HCL, Intrinsic factor (B12 absorp) hormone Ghrelin
33
Ghrelin fun.
produced when stomach empty | inc. sensation of hunger
34
chief cells in stomach
secrete inactive pepsinogen | (a zymogen)
35
eneteroendocrine cells in stomach
secrete variety hormones
36
stomach cells
``` stem mucous parietal chief enteroendocrine ```
37
HCL pathway to stomach and blood
carbonic anhydrase splits into H and HCO3 H+ goes to stomach via uses H+/K+ pump (against concentration gradient) exchanges K ions in stomach w/ H ions in parietal cell ``` HCO3 transported to blood exchanges HCO3 out for Cl in chloride shift Cl transported into stomach H and Cl combine to form HCL in stomach ```
38
chloride shift
Cl- into stomach | bicarbonate going into blood
39
alkaline tide
HCO3 into blood stream | (hco3 is a base or "alkaline")
40
fun. acidity in stomach
``` antibac protection protein denaturation disrupt H bonding expose aa cell wall brkdown pepsin act ```
41
pepsin
activated form pepsinogen replaces saliv. amylase thrives in low pH recog. specific aa sequences
42
gastric lipase
dig. fats in stomach before reach sm in (precurser) triglyc into diglyceride w/ fatty acid diglyceride into monosacc w/ 2 fatty acids
43
Gastric motility in stomach
churning rhythmic act. of sm. muscles visceral combine food w/ secretions = CHYME
44
chyme to duodenum channel
thru pyloric sph. | 3 tsp at a time
45
time of food in stomach
depends fat and acidity take longer to digest acid- lower pH fat- hydrophob covering
46
gastric motility- absorp
very little | can absorb alcohol
47
cephalic phase
prep stim- brain (sensory ex. smell) response- inc. gastric secre and excretion
48
gastric phase
``` action stim- stomach expansion response- inc gas. secretion frm parietal and chief cells pari- HCL chief- pepsin ```
49
gastric phase feedback loop
``` inc food inc gastrin secretes HCL and enhances stomach motil. inc ACh inc stomach act ```
50
intestinal phase
``` control stim- food into duod response- inc. gastric act fat and acidity signal enteroendocrine reflex gastric fun. INHIBITED dec. vagal act inc. sympath. act release CCK and secretin ```
51
hepatic portal vein
drains sm int | transpor nutr rich blood to liver for filtration
52
hepatic artery
blood to liver | branch off celiac a
53
hepatic vein
carry out deoxyg blood from liver
54
sinusoids
type of capillary | process lrg amnts blood
55
flow of blood in liver
in hepatic a through sinusoids out hepatic v
56
hepatic macrophages
"kupffer cells" breakdown mat. eat bac.
57
fun of bile
physical brkdwn of fat (like soap) polar and nonpolar regions aids in chem. dig.
58
gallbladder fun
stores, conc and excretes bile | sm muscle controlled by CCK
59
liver fun
bile production, drug and alcoh detoxification, plasma p syn, hormone modification, blood filtering (dead blood c and o/ cellular debris)
60
bile comp
``` h2o bilirubin (frm hemoglobin) bile salts (frm choles) micelles lecithin type of fat ```
61
lecithin
breaks down fat | gives bile structure
62
Pancreatic duct connects w/?
ducts merge w/ main pan duct which connects to main bile duct form main duodenal papilla and heptaopancreatic ampulla
63
sphincter of oddi
sm musc. controls mat in duodenum fm ampulla/ papilla
64
pancreas endocrine fun
hormo into bloodstream | islets of langerhans
65
pancreas exocrine fun
acini cells secre. pan juice stim= inc PNS (ach)
66
pancreas endocrine fun (bicarb)
neutr intestine environ enzymes work in optimal pH controlled by secretin
67
digestive hormones
``` GIP VIP CCK Secretin Gastrin ```
68
Gastrin
``` stim- food sensation (PNS) ex. smell gastric discentation sensor- G cells in gastric pits effectors- inc secretion stim pancreas and gallbladder inc motility ```
69
CCK
fat stim- lipid chyme in sm in recep- sm in enteroendocrine c effectors- gastric mot dec and emptying dec stim pancreas (lipase) + gallb (bile) dec hunger (CNS)
70
Secretin
acid stim- acid chyme in sm in recep- sm in enteroendocrine c effectors- pancr. buffer/ bile produc. and secretion inhibit gastric gland dec potential acidity coming to sm in gastric motil inhib (pyloric sphin)
71
GIP
glucose dependant insulinotropic peptide carbs (sugar) stim- gluc hyperosmolarity rec- sm in enteroendocrine c effector- islets langerhans secrete insulin liver+ skel musc. cells take glucose from blood dec major changes in blood sugar spikes
72
Dig. hormones that inhibit stomach motility
GIP secretin CCK
73
Dig. hormone for glucose (from enteroendocrine cells)
GIP
74
VIP
``` stim- disention of pylorus recep- sm in enteroendocrine c effect- inc. secret intestinal glands vasodil of in vessels gastric gland dec give in more time to absorb nut. ```
75
sm in fun
``` primary site absorb and dig accepts bile (gallb) and pancreatic secretions (pan) ```
76
sections of sm in
duodenum jejunum ileum ileocecal junction (valve)
77
plicae circulares
crescent shaped folds extenstion of sm in wall borders lumen inc. SA for absorp
78
villi
off mucosa layer give rise to goblet and enteroendocrine cells enteroend (simpl. columnar epith.)
79
microvilli
from plasma mem of villi make brush border and enzymes in SA + therefore absorpt
80
sm in histology (cap beds)
extensive cap beds
81
lacteal
absorbs lipids into lymphatic system
82
dudodenal glands
Brunners glands secrete mucous and alkaline protect sm in from stomach acidity
83
intestinal glands (crypts)
secrete in. juice | hormone production
84
segmentation in intestines
bidirectional mixing food stim by rubbing against walls local control (pacemaker cells) coordinated control of longitudinal and circular musc.
85
gastroenteric reflex
stim intestinal motil. (perstalsis)
86
gastroileal reflex
relaxation of ileocecal junc. | prevents reflux of cecum content back into sm in
87
hydrolysis
cleave covalent bonds with water changes chem comp enzymes regoc. specific shapes
88
carb digestion enzymes
salivary and pancreatic amylase (starch)
89
products of starch breakdown
maltose and limit dextrins
90
limit dextrins and maltose breakdown
happens in sm in by brush border enzymes sucrase= sucrose- fructose and glucose maltase= maltose- glucosex2 lactase= lactose- gluc and galactose
91
carb absorption
Na cotransport Glucose and Galac. hitch ride w/ Na coming in from Na/K pump form of facilitated diff. fructose diffuses on own w/out cotransport
92
endopeptidase
break interior aa bonds | recog specific sequences
93
exopeptidase
``` breakdown proteins cleave ends take longer produced by cell as zymogen so don't eat own self ```
94
stomach dig proteins (secreted by cells in stomach!!!)
pepsin active form pepsinogen secreted by cheif cells activated by stomach pH
95
small in dig proteins (proteases)
pancreatic protease | and brush border protease
96
trypsin
active form trypsinogen | endopeptidase
97
chymotrypsin
active form chymotrypsinogen | endopeptidase
98
carboxypeptidase
exopeptidase | active form procarboxypeptidase
99
pancreatic protease
carboxypeptidase trypsin chymotrypsin
100
brush border protease
aminopeptidase dipeptidase enterokinase
101
aminopeptidase
exopeptidase
102
dipeptidase
endopeptidase
103
enterokinase
activator!! | interacts w/ trypsin to start
104
sm in dig protein feedback loop
trypsinogen act. by enterokinase = trypsin trypsin act. procarboxypeptidase = carboxypeptidase typsin act chymotrypsinogen = chymotrypsin
105
Flow of proteins btw dig. system and circ. system
from dig to circ. | (circ lower concentation)
106
protein absorp
aa transported w/ na cotransport and Na/K pump
107
DI/Tripeptide absorp
transported w/ na cotransport and Na/K pump | broken down by lysosome inside cell
108
lipid digestion problems
fat is hydrophobic sticks together harder for dig enzymes to work
109
lipid dig
``` bile emulsifies (breaks into smaller pieces) by surrounding fat mol. lipase lingual + pancreatic (sm in) brkdwn triglycerides into monosacc and 2 fatty a micelle absorbed by cells made of bile salts and digested fat ```
110
lipid packaging
triglycerides and cholesterol surr. by phospholipid bi-layer and protein chylomicron transfer bus for lrg fat mol.
111
categorization of lipid density
``` chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL HDL ```
112
lipid absorption
``` diffusion across cellular mem reassembled fatty a and protein made in chylomicron in golgi exocytosis bypass circ. system lymphatic system absorb by lacteal ```
113
lipid abs.- diffusion
fatty a can cross mem w/out cotransfer | cross into circulatory mem
114
lipid abs.- reassembled
in golgi apparatus fatty a and protein= chylomicron packaged and ready for transport
115
lipid abs.- exocytosis
bypass circulatory system | too big
116
lipid abs.- lymphatic system
chylomicron absorbed by lacteal (in villi) enter lympathic system and eventually back to circ. system
117
undigestable mat.
vitamins minerals water
118
vitamin absorption
``` essential to body fat soluble A,D,E,K water soluble diffusion b12- (intrinsic factor) ```
119
mineral absorption
``` in ionic form channel mediated diff facill. diff. Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3- active transport Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, Fe2+ cotransport Na+ (glucose and galactose) Na IN ALL ```
120
water absorption
``` mostly in lrg in through osmosis osmotic gradient passive H2O follows Na!!!! secretions salivary and gastric ```
121
lrg in fun
water, vitamin (B+K), electrolyte storage | feces production and elimination
122
parts of lrg in
``` cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus (anal canal) ```
123
haustra
pouches of bowl
124
taeniae coli
smooth muscle shiny sensory fun detects mvmt feces when intestines stretch
125
lrg in histology
``` no villi many many goblet cells stim by undigestable fiber contact inc. mucous secretion helps with easy defecation ```
126
lrg in absorb
vitamins (b+K) made by bacteria h20 electrolytes
127
lrg in mvmnt
``` haustral churning mix + squeeze water out mass mvmnt rectum stretched stim defecation reflex ```
128
defecation reflex
stim short and long reflexes brain and rectum alterted contract abdominal muscles inc. P
129
short term appetite
ghrelin | and peptide YY and CCK
130
ghrelin
secreted by parietal cells in stomach inc hunger when empty stim hypothal (feeding center)
131
Peptide YY and CCK
dec hunger secreted by enteroendocrine cells stim when chyme enters sm in inhibit feeding center of hypothal
132
long term appetite
leptin and insulin
133
leptin
``` only one affects satiety center inc feeling fullness secreted by adipose tissue set point varies w/ diff people leptin inc= appet dec leptin dec= appet inc ```
134
insulin
dec hunger | produced when blood sugar high
135
calories
energy when food oxidized fats 9kcal protein and lipids 4kcal
136
macronutrients
carbs proteins lipids fiber
137
carbs
``` only energy for neurons and rbcs stored in liver and skel. muscles broken down when exercising/ starving reg. by insulin and glucagon Ex. starches and sugar ```
138
fiber
ex. cellulose | indigestable
139
lipids
fat | majority = triglycerides
140
lipid transport
lipoproteins ex. chylomicrons VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL dec in fat concentration
141
exogenous lipid transport pathway
dietary source dig tract, lymphat, circul, tissues cells in tissue absorb fat when stim by lipoprotien lipase stored in cardiac, skel muscl, adipose cells or liver
142
lipoprotein lipase
act. uptake of lipids in tissue
143
endogenous lipid transport pathway
liver processed liver, VLDL,IDL, tissue only stored in cardiac and skel muscl
144
cholesterol transp
``` from liver to cells as LDL triglycer removed cholesterol tacked on into circ system LDL= cholest. delivery excess chol. into blood ```
145
HDL and cholesterol
absorbs excess choles. in blood transport back to liver "garbage truck"
146
high blood cholesterol levels of lipoproteins
low HDL | high LDL
147
protein types
essential and non-essential
148
micronut
vitamins | and minerals
149
minerals
fun- bone structure, molecular coenzymes, electrolytes (tissue excitability) ex. ca+, na+, K+, cl-
150
vitamins
``` fat soluble A,D,E,K water soluble C and B metabolic precursers structural components ```
151
catabolism
breaking down exergonic (spontan) energy yielding
152
anabolism
building endergonic (nonspon) energy requiring
153
nutrient pool
fatty a, aa, glucose from diet breakdown for energy catabol
154
atp uses
storage structure function anabolic
155
redox cycles
``` mvmnt electrons (elec. transp chain) attracted higher electroneg. mol citric acid cycle ach in, NADH and FADH2 out oxid phosphor accept NADH and FADH2 produes ATP ```
156
citric acid cycle
in= pyruvate (ach), 3NAD+, FAD, ADP, P out= 3 NADH, add elec., reduction rxn FADH2, reduction rxn, substra. lvl phosphor ATP, 2CO2 1 gluc= 2 pyru = 2Coa inc ATP need = inc CO2 production
157
aerobic respiration
oxidation CO2 | reduction H2O
158
oxidative phophorylation
``` NADH, FADH2 oxidized (lose ele) bind to H2O produced lose energy as go down chain O2 final acceptor of ele H+ proton gradient produced diffuse back into mem w/ atp synthase turn wheel make ATP ```
159
glycolysis
breakdown of glucose catabo anaerobic in cytosol glucose, 2 pyruvatue, 2 NADH, 2 ATP ``` if oxygen present pyruv, acetyl Coa and CO2 if no oxygen pyruv, lactic acid used make NADH ```
160
gluconeogenesis
``` glucose from scratch anabolic need ATP endergoinc in= pyruv and ketogenic aa, glycerol and lactate ```
161
glycogenolysis
``` glycogen to glucose stim by glucagon and epineph occurs in skel musc. and liver happens when low blood sugar catabol ```
162
glycogenesis
``` make glycogen store glucose as glyc stim by insulin high blood sugar cells uptake glucose and store anabolic ```
163
lipolysis
brkdwn fat triglycer, fatty a, glycerol beta ox fatty a- CoA if excess fatty a = acetone
164
lipogenesis
uses CoA back to Fatty a glycerol, glycerides fat stored when energy intake> energy output
165
transamination
breakdown protein aa and keto acid swap places make keto acid and NEW aa enter citric acid cycle adding N group
166
deamination
remove amino group aa, keto acid, ammonium ion keto a enters citric a cycle ammonium enters urea cycle
167
urea cycle
in liver endergoinc diluting ammonium
168
protein anabolism
amination and transamin of keto a NADH to NAD+ NH4+ to H2O
169
roles of liver
``` nutrient metab protein, fat, carbs plasma p syn. vitam metab and storage bile production breakdwn drugs, alco, hormones, bac, bilirubin ```
170
absorpative state
after meal dig. sytem absorb nutr and to circ system anabolic store energy
171
postabsorp state
``` when need energy catabolic breakdwn stores to release energy stim by glucagon, epineph and grwth hormone fuel NOT glucose = fatty a and glycogen ```
172
metabolic rate
``` basal meta rate (BMR) caloric intake dec w age not account for body comp ex. lean muscl ```
173
convection
replaces heat by mvmnt air or liquid
174
radiation
why feel colder in shade | blocks waves
175
evaporation
mol. w most enregy leave first
176
conduction
thermal change w/ direct contact | ex. laying on warm cement
177
respir functions
``` gas exchange (respir) vocalization olfaction acid base balance angiotension converting (blood p reg) dev. pressure gradient ```
178
conducting v respiratory
conducting bulk air flow respir gas exchange
179
conducting structures
upper resp tract mouth, pharynx, epiglottis fun- maintains environ (warms, cleanses + humidifies air) olfaction lwr respir tract glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi fun- vocalization (glottis, voca cords) airflow + cleansing (cilia/ mucus elevator)
180
histology respir tract
upper to lower tracts cartilage dec, sm muscle inc goblet cells dec
181
respiratory structures
bronchioles alveoli respiratory mem
182
bronchioles
respir. structure control amnt air to alveoli inc sm dec diameter and cartilage
183
alveoli
respir. structure site gas exchange 2 cell types
184
type 1 cells (squamous)
alveoli fun- diffusion thin mem big SA without taking up a lot of room
185
type 2 cells (great)
alveoli repair and produce surfactant prevents h20 from accumulating and closing bronchioles
186
wandering macrophages
alveoli | filter bac+ debris from inhalation
187
respiratory mem
respir. structure cross apical+ basilar mem of type 1 cross basilar and apical mem of capillary endothelial cells to circulatory system !simple diff.
188
inspiration muscles
diaphragm | external intercostals
189
stim and musc type- respir
somatic innervation | skel muscles
190
diaphragm movement
inhalation- contracts and pulls down (inc V) | exhalation- relaxes and pushes up (dec V)
191
expiration muscles
internal intercostals | abs (rectus abdominus)
192
diff btw forced breathing and quiet breathing
quiet "eupnea" diaphragm controls forced incl. action from intercostals + abs
193
type of skel muscles control
somatic! | hormones do not effect
194
locations of control
medulla | pons
195
meduallary control
ventral respir. group | dorsal respir group
196
ventral respiratory group
``` medulla stim muscl w/ neurons inspir + expiration include phrenic and intercostal nerves effect diaphragm and intercostals "button pusher" ```
197
dorsal respiratory group
coach of button pusher medulla recieves sensory info edits act. of VRG
198
pontine respiratory group
``` pons control VRG (pusher) and DRG (coach) connection point btw higher brain centers ```
199
phrenic nerve
controls diap contracts w/ inhale expands w/ exhale
200
external intercostal action
supports chest wall prevents collapse lungs activated during inspiration
201
internal intercostal action
activated during expiration | no activity in quiet breathing
202
inspiration activity corresponds to
lung volume contraction = inc V relaxation= dec V
203
phrenic and external intercostal v internal intercostal
have asycronous act
204
chemoreceptor/ brain sensitivity
CO2
205
peripheral chemorecep
more sensitive to O2
206
inc respir rate
stim- inc of CO2 hypercapnia medulla oblongota inc oxygen intake
207
carotid/ aortic bodies
``` stimuli dec PO2, + Ph inc CO2 if dec in PO2 stop breathing inc CO2 output breath faster get more O2 ```
208
stretch receptor
hering- breuer reflexes protect alveoli inflation/ deflation reflex
209
inflation reflex
inc P lungs (explosion) | stim exhalation
210
deflation reflex
dec P lungs (collapse) | stim inhalation
211
irritant recep
detection debris/ gases from inhalation
212
voluntary control
during swimming/ vocalization bypass neural controls centers (medulla (DRG) pons PRG)) contact alter VRG at source
213
boyles law
PV=nRT inc P, dec V dec P, inc V
214
atmospheric p
air pushing down | 760 mmHg/torr = 1atm
215
intrapulmonary P
pressure inside lungs AP> IP = volume inc= air in AP
216
intrapleural P
``` P in pleural cavity gap btw visceral p and parietal p creates surface tension sticks lungs to wall lungs expand p dec lungs compress p inc ```
217
affecting factors of inspiration/ expiration
AP adhesion lung to pleura IPL P dec= Vol dec of alveoli IPL P inc= volume inc of alveoli
218
factors affecting pressure
elasticity of lungs
219
factors w/ resistance
``` dec diameter bronchoconstriction activated by PNS, histamine inc diameter bronchodilation activated by SNS, epinephrine pulmonary compliance surfactant dec tension prevents collapse alveoli bc water accumulation ```
220
lungs expand- syringe ex
v inc intrapul P inc alveoli V inc (P dec)
221
lungs compress- syringe ex
v dec intrapul P inc alveoli V dec (P inc)
222
respiratory min vol
breaths/min(F) times tidal vol
223
alveolar ventilation
VA= F (VT-VD)
224
VD anatomic dead space
amnt air in tube system anatomic (bronchioles/ upper resp tract) or physiologic phys= no gas exchnge in alveoli
225
tidal vol
amnt air in normal breathing | eupnea
226
IRV inspiratory reserve vol
vol inhaled over VT w/ max effort
227
hypernea
lrg lung vol
228
expiratory reserve vol ERV
vol push out over VT w/ max effort
229
residul vol
min air left after ERV and VT | stays in lungs bc IPleu P / surfactant keeping alveoli open
230
total lung vol
TV+IRV+ERV+Vres
231
inspiratory capacity
TV+IRV
232
Vital capacity
VT+IRV+ERV
233
functional residual capacity
Vres+ERV
234
CO2 and O2 PP in water
pp in air = pp in solution however, amnt of gas diss. depends on solubility of gas Ex. CO2 diss more than O2 use hemoglobin as transporter
235
henrys law
pp gas diss in solution = pp gas | amnt gas diss in solution depends on solubility
236
part. p gradient
``` btw gas in circ and gas in alveoli short distance high permib 02 dissolves rapidly dec elevation = faster loading ```
237
ventilation-perfusion coupling (blood)
dec air flow= dec blood dec air flow, dec o2 in blood vess, vasoconstriction, dec blood flow inc air flow= inc blood inc air flow, inc O2 blood vess, vasodilation, inc air flow
238
ventilation-perfusion coupling (air)
dec blood flow= dec airflow dec blood flow, dec CO2 in alvel, bronchi constrict, dec airflow inc blood flow= inc airflow inc blood flow, inc CO2 in alveoli, bronchi dilat, inc airflow
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blood oxygenation process
low O2 blood in, O2 down concen. gradient to recharge blood, CO2 flows out blood bc circ concen higher
240
Low O2 to high O2 in alveoli
low O2 PP to high O2 PP fast at start to make up for diff greater change= greater O2 rate
241
co2 in alveoli
follows PP gradient out of circ system to alveoli and ultimately respirated systemic blood high in CO2 (blood from aorta and tissues)
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Inhalation cycle w/ PP values
``` inhalation 160, 0 alveoli 100, 40 bc of mixture w/ dead air veins, L ventricle, aorta tissues 40, 46 favor O2 uptake in cells favor CO2 output from musc. cells to circ. system lungs reoxyg 40, 46 to 100, 40 (start) + addition new air ```
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oxyhemoglobin
hemog + O2 | hbO2
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CO2 transport
bicarb diss. gas hemogl
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bicarb. Co2 transport
``` HCO3 into H and HCO3- HCO3 into circ system CO2 inc in tissues stops when HCO3 high HCO3 to RBC and Cl into blood ```
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carbanimohemoglobin
CO2 + Hb = HbCO2
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CO2 diss. gas transport
into circ. along PP gradient | highly soluble
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gas exchange values btw tissue and circ system | unloading v loading
unloading circ 100 to tissues 40 loading tissues 46 to circ 40
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arterial blood o2 sat
PP 100 | sat 98%
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venous blood o2 sat
PP 40 | sat 75%
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oxyhemoglobin saturation curve
PP o2 independant var Po2 inc, Hemog sat inc shape change = affinity (stickiness) change left = high aff. = rapid loading in lungs= dec o2 release right = low aff= rapid unloading in tissues= inc o2 release arteries higher Po2 than veins
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blood Po2 decreases
o2 released! | during metabolism
253
CO2 and O2 in lungs
``` unfavorable reaction (reverse) if CO2 inc, O2 inc ```
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CO2 and O2 in blood
favorable (right) | if CO2 inc, O2 dec
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pH and sat % of hemoglobin
direct rel inc Ph= inc aff.= dec o2 release= lungs dec Ph= dec aff= inc O2 release = tissues
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Temp and sat % of hemoglobin
inverse rel inc temp= dec aff= inc o2 rel dec temp= inc aff= dec o2 rel
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temp and ph and hemog sat %
temp inc= aff dec= Ph dec | temp dec= aff inc= ph inc
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RBC metabolism
``` 2, 3 BPG shift to right made by rbc stim by low o2 levels inc o2 loading (dec aff) favors mvmnt O2 from circ. to tissues ```

A+P 211 (5 decks)

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