Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A+P 211 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

excretory system fun

A 
excretion
EPO secretion
detoxification
fluid regulation
waste reduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

excretion

A

blood filtration
materials filtered out and added back in
secretion and reabsorp
fluid and electro. regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EPO secretion

A

Erythropoietin
stim by low O2
inc RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fluid regulation

A 
controlled by plasma vol and osmolarity
    affects BP and h2o vol
electrolyte balance
   rate of excretion
blood pH
  H and HCO3
nutrient conservation
    glucose and aa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

waste elimination (N base)

A

ammonia into urea cycle
converted to uric acid or creatine
uric- non-toxic
creati- product of muscle metab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

kidneys

A

produce urine

filter fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ureters

A

drain kidneys

urine to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urinary bladder

A

hold urine before elimin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

urethra

A

urine excretion

diff for e/ sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

renal capscule

A

outermost protective coating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal cortex

A

space btw capsule and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal medulla

A

house renal columns and pyramids

as inc depth = in O2 conc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

renal arteries

A

blood to kidney of abd aorta

incl afferent and efferent arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

afferent artery

A

blood to glomerular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

efferent artery

A

away from golmerular
control GFR by NaCl conce
drain into peritublar cap and renal v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

renal v

A

collect blood from interlobar, arcuate and cortical radiate arteries
transport blood to infer. vena cava
blood filtered and has less waste
carry hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nephrons

A

renal functional unit
open 2 external world
houses tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tubules

A 
exchange waste w/ external environ
highly vasc
     inc. peritub cap
     eff and aff arterioles
function in circ and excret exchange
large SA for exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glomerulus

A

blood in by filtration
ball of cap
surr by glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

flow materials through tubular system

A

glomerular (filtration)
proximal conv. tubule (bulk, unreg. absorp)
Henle loop (water absorp)
distal conv. tubule (regulation secretions and reabsorb)
collecting duct (urine transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

renal corpuscle

A

area btw circ and excret
inc glomerular and glomerular capsule
fun- filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

corpuscle histology

A

collection of tissues
inc. glomerular capsule
lined w/ par visceral epithe
incl podocytes and mesengial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

podocyte fun

A

in glomerular caps
have filtration slits
control flow mat in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mesengial cell fun

A

in glomerular cap
alter cell v w/ contractile properties
reg. blood flow
mostly remove debris from basement mem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
proximal conv. tub
cubit. epith w/ microvilli | unreg. bulk reabsorb
26
loop of henle (nephron)
``` ascending and descending descending- thin mem easy H2O mvmnt in and out (mostly out) ascending limb- thick mem hard for H2O leave once get in ```
27
distal convoluted tubule
reduced absorb no microvilli cubital epith regul secretions and reab
28
distal conv tub and interaction w/ glomerular
macula densa cells react to changing NaCl levels and indicate GFR
29
juntaglomerular apparatus
reg. nephron act w/ macula densa and junxtaglom cells act as physiological check (Tubuloglomerular Feedback)
30
collecting duct
cubit epith incl papill. ducts (column epith)/ aquaporins alter amnt fluid reabsor by kidneys
31
dec urine v
inc. urine concentration
32
nephron types
``` cortical N barely discend into medulla junxtaglomerular N deep into medulla point- more efficient absorp and better use volume ```
33
filtration | *location + process
location- glom and glom capsule filt slits in glom capsule w/ podocytes act as fenestrated cap filtrate everything besides RBC and large proteins
34
Materials into filtrate
not RBC and proteins in- glucose, elec, fatty a, urea, creatine, uric acid, H2O only select few reabsorb
35
filtration p
hydrostatic and osmotic
36
hydrostatic p
Glomerular BHP | Capsular HP
37
glomerular BHP
``` favors filt circ to exre high bp = high BHP low bp = low BHP materials out circ enter capsular ```
38
capsular HP
opposes filt lrg vol and sm hole = inc P takes long time reach proximal convolu tubule H2O pools
39
Osmotic p
BCOP | capsular colloid osmotic p
40
BCOP
opposes filt excret to circ reabsorb
41
capsular COP
favors filt circ to excre usually 0 fluid moves at same rate
42
net filtration P
``` NFP= hydrostatic- osmotic NFP= (GBHP-CHP)- BCOP ```
43
glomerular filtration rate- values
min vol filtration 125ml/min if below = kid not functioning if above= kid overtaxed (break cap)
44
GFR %
determines amount of plasma filtered | if 20%- other 80 reverted back to efferent arteriole and peritubular capillary
45
autoregulation
local inc or dec afferent arteriole diam. myogenic mechanism (BP) tuboglomerular feedback (Na conc)
46
myogenic mechanism
``` regulate absorption in nephron stim- changes local BP high bp= high P in afferent a vasoconstriction, dec v blood in aff a low bp = dilation blood flow inc, bp inc ```
47
tuboglomerular feedback
``` regulate absorption in nephron macula densa cells osmasensors na inc, dia dec na dec, dia inc found in distal conv tubule inc amnt Na in DCT kid overtax fast GFR, not enough time for absorp dec. GFR constrict affe. a inc Na absorb = inc time ```
48
sympathetic stim
``` regulate absorption in nephron inc w/ stress vasocontriction of aff a dec GFR good- reserve Na and Cl and H20 bad- renal failure (build up of urea) ```
49
systemic regulation
regulate absorption in nephron hormone controlled renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (RAAS)
50
RAAS
stim- low BP recog by carotid and aortic sinus (baroreceptors) activate sympathetic stim produces renin secreted by junxtaglom. or granular cells
51
renin
enzyme | angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 (made by liver)
52
angiotension 1
act. by ACE angiotension converting enzyme to angiotension 2 in lungs
53
angiotension 2 pathways
cause eff. constriction aldosterone production inc. thirst (act. hypothal) inc. vasoconstriction
54
angiotension and aldosteron
``` enters adrenal glands inc BP, inc GFR aldosterone secreted kidneys uptake Na and H2o inc v = inc BP ```
55
angiotension and vasoconstic
dec v = inc BP
56
angiotension and thirst
act hypothal intake fluid inc v = inc bp
57
angiotension and eff. constriction
efferent blood away from kidney like kinking hose builds p = inc GFR
58
relationship btw BP and GFR
inc blood flow = inc bp= inc GFR dec blood flow= dec bp= dec GFR dec urine production renin produced by cells in junxta apparatus
59
stim ways of renin production
sympathetic stim | dec GFR
60
locations of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
filtration- glomerular, circ to tubules reabsorption- tubules to circ and back if needed secretion- circ to tubules
61
transcellular transport
facilitated diff- down conc gradient , large mol active transport- primary and secondary primar- against conc grad. (need ATP) second- up and down conc. gradient powered by Na/K pump and glucose pump
62
paracellular transport
mat flow along conc gradient btw cells attraction= solvent drag Na pumped out and h2o follows (carrying o/ solv) circ absorbs tubule fluid
63
fun proximal convoluted tubule
bulk, unreg. h2o reabsorption 60-70% unreg= automatically, no ATP needed
64
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (NaCl) membranes
apical and basal mem apical= thru tubule cells into fluid basal= into circ system frm fluid
65
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (NaCl)- APICAL
``` nephron fluid into tubules transported w/ symports ex. Na cotransp and gluco Na-H antiports trade Na in and H out reduce acidity Cl-anion symport Cl in, anions out ```
66
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (NaCl)- BASAL
``` tubular cells to circ system Na/K pump K/Cl symports inc Na conc in circ system H2O reabsorbed brings o/ solutes w/ paracellular route Na in circ system creates conc grad. for H2O ```
67
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (Mg, Ca P)
paracellular | solvent drag created by NaCl
68
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (glucose)
apical- Na/ Glucose cotransport inc. glucose symports basal- facilitated diff (requires ATP)
69
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (N waste)
``` urea, creatine and uric acid urea- diffusion and paracell. route v soluble and sm 1/2 removed from tubule (rest to circ) contributes to kindey. h20 conc. osmolarity in medulla uric acid- completely reabs (10% left) creatine- not reabsorb ```
70
urea conc. change through nephron in circ system | input v output
in= 20 mg | out renal v =10mg
71
proximal convoluted tubule- tubular reabsorp (H2O)
``` osmosis and solvent drag no active transp for H20 need create conc. gradient (solv drag) H2O flow thru aquaporins cell mem greater perm to water 60-70 reabsorb by PCT ```
72
obligatory H2O reabsorption
unregulated | automat. absorb w/ mvmnt ions (solvent drag)
73
uptake by peritubular cap
``` inc tubular fluid fluid flows frm high P environ tubule to low P environ of efferent arteriole dec P more w/ angiotension 2 vasoconstriction of arterioles dec blood flow= dec P High BCOP sucking force in arterioles opposes filtration ```
74
transport maximum
max conc. be effectively reabsorb ex too much H2O, not enough drains short term regul controls reabsorption
75
solute saturation
when cells no longer uptake any more | ex. glucose in urine
76
renal threshold
max amnt effectively reabsorb over= sub in urine varies w/ material bc diff transport mechanisms
77
rate of filtration value
125 mL/min
78
ideal filtration and absorption rate
125mg/min however* can't go on forever glucose not fully reabsorb
79
how is filtration and reabsorp effected when reach transportation max and renal threshold
``` filtration constant reabsorb dec (hits ceiling) ```
80
shape of elimination curve once hits transp. max and renal threshold
excretion inc rapidly absorp dec filtr remains constant
81
tubular secretion effects on pH
``` secrete H (inc CO2) inc pH (less in circ) ``` reabsorb H = dec ph (more in circ)
82
nephron (henle loop) | types of ions and their movement
15 % h2O reabsorp active transport (Na, K, 2Cl transporter) descending loop high perm to water NaCl conc grad high (bc ascending loop) H2O leaves descending limb (solvent drag)
83
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct | cells
``` regulated reabsorp and secretion principle cells hormone control H2O and NaCl intercalated discs maintain acid base balance K and H ```
84
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct- hormonal influences
``` aldosterone Na and H2O reabsorp RAAS natriuretic peptide Na/H2O secretion made by heart ADH inc H2O absorp inc blood concen PTH inc Ca conc and reabsorp ```
85
H2O conservation
``` H2O absorbed by circ urine V dec, conc inc Kidney creates high osmotic grad cortex low, medulla high nephron loop inc. H2O perm influence by ADH (aquaporins) ```
86
osmolarity range in cortex v medulla
blood osmo= filtration osmo (300) | kidney medulla 300-1200
87
countercurrent multiplier
``` 4x conc grad in medulla than filtrate (inside tubule) fluids move opposite directions descending = down ascending = up Na addedin PCT excreted out H2O leave tubule inc chance solutes bump into transp on ascending mem Na, K, Cl pumped out to medulla inc Na conc outside more ```
88
function of thick ascending loop and thin descending loop
ascending imperm H2O reabsorb w/ osmosis | inc favorability of H2O out descending limb w/ thin mem
89
H2O perm. feedback loop | Hypothal branch of RAAS
``` controlled by ADH stim- high blood osmolarity >300 lost H2O or gained solutes sensor- hypothal + osmoreceptors message- release ADH thru pituitary gland effectors- DCT cells and collecting duct response- inc aquapor act + production inc. H2O perm inc H2O retention in circ, urine conc inc max conc. 1200 if no ADH v diluted urine, H2O absorb by tubules, 50 mOsm ```
90
Countercurrent exchange
blood and H2O location- vasa recta descending- lose H20, gain NaCl ascending- lose NaCl, gain H2O
91
tubule osmolarity value review
``` glomerular (filtration 300) PCT- 300 descending loop- 300 to 1200 ascending loop- 1200 to 300 DCT- 100 Collecting duct- 300 to 1200 vasa recta- 300 to 1200 to 300 ```
92
diss solutes in urine
urea, NaCl, KCl, urochrome (RBC destruction, gives yellow color) 5%
93
urine specific gravity, osmolarity and pH
``` spec. gravity- 1.001-1.008 H2O=1 ex. if dehydrated = closer to 1.001 high v but low conc inc diss mat = inc specific grav osmolarity- 50-1200mOsm/L 50= dehydrated pH- 4.5-8.2 usually more acidic ```
94
urine vol
1-2L/day >2L = Diuresis/ polyuria <0.5 = Oliguria
95
diabetes and polyuria
sympt- excessive thirst, frequent urination
96
polyuria process
inc. Na secretion H2O into tubules (H2O follows Na) H2O out of circ = thirst
97
diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency
98
gestational diabetes
insulin insensitivity
99
insipidus diabetes
hypothal not produce enough ADH ADH = H2O retention w/out excrete 20L/day and unquenchable thirst
100
Diuretics
``` inc urine output ex. alchohol treats hypertension make nephron loop less perm to water excrete more fluid, dec blood vol ```
101
renal function test
test urine for mat ex. glucose, proteins, WBC's etc. if normal all values should be negative
102
clearance
amnt blood v processed to eliminate solute in 1 min | excretion rate/ initial blood conc
103
clearance range
depends on how much fluid recieved and reabsorption 0mL/min- 625 0= circ system retains 625= completely secreted, no mat found in blood
104
clearance range 0-125
net solute reabsorb | 0= fully reabsorb
105
clearance range- 125
no reabsor or secretion | rate in = rate out
106
clearance range- 125-625
leave kidney rate> filtration no time to reabsorb fully secreted
107
Glucose clearance
normal conc =1 excretion rate =0 0/1 = 0 (fully reabsorb)
108
inulin clearance
125 not reabsorbed or secreted if below= renal failure (GFR not working)
109
PAH clearance
625 ml/min fully filtered and secreted 0 mg in blood
110
renal dialysis
``` filter fluid in and out block mvmnt RBC alter mat conc. based on condition plasma conc> dialysis fluid conc materials flow out of circ system ```
111
normal mat flow of renal dialysis
out circ- Ca, K Na- constant Glucose- variable
112
micturition reflex
``` stim- stretching long and short reflex long- pons and cerebellum conscious act pons- internal urethral sphincter cerebellum- external urethral sphincter short- detrusor muscle contracts unconsciously w/ spinal reflex conscious w/ act. pons ```
113
fluid compartments
intracellular extracellular plasma
114
regulation btw plasma and extracellular
general homeostatic demand | hormonal and neural control
115
regulation btw extracellular and intracellular
local ex. na/k and channels | individual homeostatic demand
116
fluid intake-sources and avg.
2500 ml / day metabolic h2o ingested h2o
117
fluid loss
urine sensible (sweat) insensible (respiratory + cutaneous evaporation)
118
obligatory loss
1200-1500 ml/day | min of 400 from urine
119
regulation of h2o input
stim- blood osmolarity inc causes BP dec, kidney release renin= angiotensin 2 lose h2o not Na Control- hypothal (osmorecp) response- thirst inc rehydrate blood, discend stomach and sm in, cools mouth *short term input
120
long term effector h2o input
blood osmolarity dec w/ h2o ingestion | BP inc again
121
regulation h2o output
``` control urine vol regulated by ADH slows urine loss Na leaves too * bc of solvent drag blood osmolarity dec ```
122
fluid deficiency conditions
hypovolemia | dehydration
123
hypovolemia
solute + h2o mvmnt is equal (osmol is same) blood v dec and so blood p dec causes- internal bleeding (hemorrhage, vomiting and diarrhea)
124
dehydration
``` more h2o is lost than Na osmolarity inc = thirst inc causes- sweating and diabetes glucose attracts h2o in tubules solutes never able to be excreted ```
125
fluid shift
``` water moves w/ osmosis h2o dec= ECF dec= hypertonic sol conc of ECF inc water moves out cell (ICF) into (ECF) equilib restored but ICF V dec ```
126
fluid excess problems
v excess | h2o intoxication
127
volume excess
``` h2o and solute retained causes- kidney failure low GFR fluids all stay in blood no Na excreted in urine aldosterone hypersecretion inc Na reabsorb into blood water follows bc solvent drag ```
128
h2o intoxication
more h2o is retained in ECF than Na fluid moves into ICF cells swell and inc P causes- ADH hypersecretion or overhydrating
129
blood and h2o intake "danger zone"
less than 1.2 L of water per day | losing at least 400 to urine and 1200-1500 for obligatory
130
fluid sequestration
fluid in unwanted places edema hemorrhage
131
edema
h2o out of circ into lymphatic or skin | ex. blister
132
hemorrhage
internal bleeding
133
relation between plasma and ECF
direct if plasma change, ECF change bulk reg
134
electrolyte reg
indirect hormonal control change conc or vol absolute quantitiy unaffected
135
h2o reg
``` osmosis no active transp solvent drag and cap filtration water reabsorbed hypo to hypertonic water secreted hypertonic to hypotonic *in relation to flitrate ```
136
ECF electrolytes
Na, Cl
137
ICF electrolytes
K, HPO4 and proteins
138
``` sodium control- Aldosterone functions stimulus effectors response ```
``` Fun- water reg. membrane pot (na in and depolar) + cotransport (ex. glucose) reg- hormonal (aldosterone) stimulit- hyponatremia (Na) hyperkalcemia (K) Low BP (release renin and angioten 2 = inc BP) effectors- cells DCT + collecting duct response inc act Na/K pumps pump more Na in= greater conc= inc osmolarity inc H2O too (solvent drag) pump K out secretion into tubules ```
139
ADH control
stim- hypernatremia inc Na osmolarity in blood sensor- osmos recp in hypothal control- ADH produces through pit gland (no bloodb barrier) response- inc thirst inc H2o intake through inc Na reabsorp dec urinary H2o loss
140
Natriuretic peptide control
``` stim- stretching atrial walls from high BP and V sensor- cardiac musc. cells message- ANP (counteracts ADH) effectors- hypothal + kid. tubules fluid into tubules to dec BP response- dec ADH and renin output dec thirst, and h20 intake inc h2o excretion by inc Na secretion into tubules ```
141
low sodium
hyponatremia H2O> Na causes water intoxication
142
high sodium
hypernatremia | results in edema and hypertension
143
potassium control
high in ICF regulation- by aldosterone (linked to Na) inc Na reabsorp and K secretion
144
high potassium
hyperkalemia acute higher K conc in ECF (K cannot get out) brings excitatory cells closer to threshold chronic from renal failure, aldos hypersecretion or acidosis Na not enter cell, VG channels closed act pot prevented bc cell hyperpol by K in ICF lowers excitability
145
low potassium
``` hypokalemia rare due to vomiting or diarrh cells hyperpol w/ K in ICF less excitable ```
146
chlorine regulation
fun- osmolarity reg in kidneys, componet of stomach acid, takes prt in chloride shift in respir (HCO3-) regu.- linked to Na
147
low chlorine
hypochloremia
148
high chlorine
hyperchloremia
149
calcium control
fun- bone strength, blood clotting, musc. and nerve fun reg- PTH (low) and calcitriol (high) hyper and hypo parathyroidism
150
high Ca
``` hypercalcemia from alkalosis too much PTH osteoclast act high over conc. of Ca in blood cause muscle weakness ```
151
low Ca
not enough PTH Ca stays in bone causes muscle contraction w/ overexcit.
152
hyperparathyroidism
stim osteoclast act from vitm d defic, dirrh, and pregnancy ca from bone to circ
153
hypoparathyroidism
inhibit osteoclast act | ca stays in bone NOT to circ
154
magnesium control
fun- intracell. metab act (cofactor) reg- source = diet via paracellular route reabsorb in PCT of nephron inc w/ PTH and vitamin D
155
hypomagnesemia
loss through vomiting over excit of tissues nerve cells depol musc. contract
156
hypermagnesemia
from renal failure | excit tissues depressed
157
phosphates control
fun- nucleic acid/ATP structure and fun + acid base balance regu- inc PTH = inc phos secretion inc or dec pH= change in phos concen
158
pH
conc. of H+ ions inc. in H+ = DEC pH dec in H+= inc pH
159
normal pH range
7.35-7.45 <7.35 = acidosis >7.45 = alkalosis range favors enzyme function, hemoglobin affinity and nervous system fun (excitability)
160
pH and Hb affinity
inc pH= dec H = inc affinity dec pH= inc H= dec O2 affin. Hb can bind to O2 if not high conc. of H+ ions
161
acid sources
dietary- fat and proteins-H+ in kidneys fixed acids (only altered w/ excretion) taking H out of sol. metabolic- CO2, lactic/keto acids CO2= volatile acid (fixed easily w. respi)
162
general acidosis
``` H+ diffuse into cells K+ out of cells to ECF charge less - H+ bind cations in ICF cell becomes hyperpol. less excitable cause- CNS depression (coma and confusion) ```
163
general alkalosis
``` cause- spasms and convulsions H+ conc. in ICF dec bc goes out to ECF hyperpol cell K+ enters and depolarized inc excitability (lwrs distance to threshold) ```
164
acid-base disturbance categories
respiratory- CO2 metabolic- not alter CO2 functions by reabsorp, secretion and excretion
165
respir. acidosis
``` inc in conc CO2 (hypercapnia) move to right inc in co2= inc H causes hypoventilation high co2, low o2 respir. distress ex. COPD O2 can get in but cannot escape ```
166
respir. alkalosis
``` dec in conc CO2 (hypocapnia) dec co2= dec H causes hyperven (co2 expelled too quickly) emotional shock, fever (inc metabolism), high altitude (low o2 inc breathing and co2 out) ```
167
metabolic acidosis
``` inc in organic acid (H) amnt bicarb dec (no buffer capacity) inc PCO2 (fix= inc respir rate) causes high protein diet brkdwn protein for energy high fat diet free f acids and ketone bodies released starvation brkdown own muscle, keto acids inc heavy exercise lactic acid produced inc diarrhea bicarb not reabsorb in tubules H+ not counteracted renal failure kidney cannot expell H and therefore HCO3 not produced ```
168
metabolic alkalosis
``` excessive loss H due to vomiting fix dec resp rate= inc co2 kidney generate H and secrete HCO3 (allow H to inc) buffer systems donate H+ ions ```
169
chemical buffering composition
weak acid and base if buffering capacity is met a change in pH will rapidly occur (not enough HCO3 to consume H+ ions)
170
bicarbonate buffer
inc co2= inc HCO3 can alter pH from organic (fixed acids) NOT volatile or CO2 normal HCO3 conc= 24mmol/L need respir and renal function to work! (CO2 and HCO3)
171
HCO3 reserve
``` hind HCO3 w/ Na = NaHCO3 storaged w/ Na if regen HCO3 have to remove Na used when all available HCO3 is bound to organic acids *inc buffering capacity ```
172
protein buffer
inc pH= carboxyl group lose H (C-O-OH) to (C-O-O-) dec pH to normal dec pH= amnio group accept H (NH2) to NH3) inc pH to normal
173
hemoglobin buffer
``` apart of protein buffer buffers blood inc H+ = inc in bond w/ Hb CO2 inc = HCO3 out of circ H attracted to Hb CO2 dec= H cleaved from Hb to inc pH ```
174
Phosphate buffer
predom in ICF H + HPO4 = H2PO4 reserve= Na2PO4
175
respir. control of pH- acidosis response
resp rate inc= CO2 dec= pH inc H+ expelled renal comp inc H and HCO3 reabsorb
176
respir. control of pH- alkalosis response
respr rate dec= inc CO2= pH dec dec affinity renal comp= inc H and HCO3 secretion (stop resisting inc in H+)
177
renal control pH (general)
secretion or reabsorp of H and HCO3 pH dec= inc H+ secretion and inc HCO3 reabsorp pH inc= inc H+ reabsorb and inc HCO3 secretion
178
buffering capacity
pH=4.5 | below this H will not be removed from circ system
179
renal control- acidosis response
CO2 absorb into kidney cells secretion of H+ and Cl into tubules (filtrate) free H in cells binding reabsorb HCO3 into circ (bind to free H+) create H+HCO3= H2CO3 into CO2 and H2O H+ ions leave via H2O in urine H bind to Na2HPO4 H bind w/ NH4Cl
180
renal control- alkalosis response
inc H+ reabsorb to circ Cl follows inc HCO3 secretion to filtrate Cl exchanged (HCO3 out, Cl in)
181
relationship btw pH level of urine and kidney function
low pH <7.35= acidosis | high pH> 7.45= alkalosis
182
diagnosing acidosis
check PCo2 conc (indicates lung function) not inc = metabolic acidosis >50 mmHg= respir acidosis
183
diagnosing acidosis- metabolic acidosis
lung fun is ok if normal PCO2 (40)= acute metabolic acidosis caused by loss of HCO3 (ex. diarrhea) if PCO2< 35 = chronic (compensated) metabolic acidosis caused by the retention of organic acids due to high fat/protein diet, kidney failure, starvation or heavy exercise
184
diagnosing acidosis- respiratory acidosis
know that lung fun is >50mmHg if normal conc of HCO3= acute resp. acid. ex.CNS damage if HCO3 conc >28 kidneys are doing work of lungs= Chronic respir. acid. ex. long term disease like asthma fix= inc respir rate to dispel CO2
185
diagnosing alkalosis
check PCO2 lvl inc >45 mmHg= Metabolic alkalosis dec <35 mmHg= Respiratory alkalosis
186
diagnosing alkalosis-Metabolic alkalosis
due to inc in HCO3 and dec in H+ ions ex. vomiting
187
diagnosing alkalosis- respir. alkalosis
``` hyperventilation check HCO3 lvls if low/normal= acute respir. alka ex. fever or panic attack fix=dec respir rate to inc O2 if <24 mmHg HCO3= chronic (compensated) respir. alkal ex. CNS damage ```
188
kidney compensation-acidosis
chronic respir acidosis CO2 not expelled HCO3 production inc by kidneys
189
relation btw PCO2 and pH
PCO2 inc = pH dec = more acidic (more H ions) | PCO2 dec= pH inc = more basic (less H ions)
190
value of constant PCO2
40mmHg
191
davenport diagram- left v right
``` left straight- acute respir acidosis right straight- acute respir alkalosis left down- metabolic acidosis right down- metabolic alkalosis left = acidosis (dec. pH) right= alkalosis (in. pH) ```
192
davenport diagram- curve representation
curve = lung function measured by PCO2 low PCO2= hyperventilation high PCO2= lung failure HCO3 value= kidneys ability to regulate H present in blood inc H= inc HCO3 production or inc in reabsorp dec H = dec in HCO3 production or inc in secretion

A+P 211 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions