Exam #1 - Biomechanics Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
closer to the head
A
Superior/Cranial
2
Q
The lungs are ____ to the diaphragm
A
The lungs are superior to the diaphragm
3
Q
Closer to the feet
A
Inferior/Caudal
4
Q
Toward the front of the body
A
Anterior/Ventral
5
Q
Toward the back of the body
A
Posterior/Dorsal
6
Q
Toward the midline of the body
A
Medial
7
Q
Away from the midline of the body
A
Lateral
8
Q
Closer to the trunk
A
Proximal
9
Q
Away from the trunk
A
Distal
10
Q
Toward the surface of the body
A
Superficial
11
Q
Away from the surface of the body toward the inside of the body
A
Deep
12
Q
The liver is ____ to the diaphragm
A
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm
13
Q
The sternum is ____ to the heart
A
The sternum is anterior to the heart
14
Q
The vertebrae are ____ to the heart
A
The vertebrae are posterior to the heart
15
Q
The humerus is ____ to the radius
A
The humerus is proximal to the radius
16
Q
The scaphoid is ____ to the radius
A
The scaphoid is distal to the radius
17
Q
The pectoralis major is ____ to the pectoralis minor
A
The pectoralis major is superficial to the pectoralis minor
18
Q
Branch of mechanics that describes motion of a body without considering the forces that produce motion
A
Kinematics
19
Q
Primary variables of kinematics (3)
A
- Position
- Velocity
- Acceleration
20
Q
Movement of the body is either considered to be
A
Active or Passive
21
Q
Movement produced by muscle activation (e.g. lifting a glass)
A
Active movement
22
Q
Produced by a source other than muscle activation (e.g. gravity)
A
Passive movement
23
Q
Describes motion of the bones relative to the 3 cardinal planes of the body (e.g., anatomical position)
A
Osteokinematics
24
Q
What are the 3 cardinal planes of the body?
A
- Sagittal Plane
- Frontal Plane
- Horizontal Plane
25
Runs parallel to the sagittal surture & divides into right & left halves
Sagittal Plane
26
Runs parallel to the coronal surture & divides into front & back halves
Frontal Plane
27
Runs parallel to the horizon & divides into upper & lower halves
Horizontal Plane
28
What motions are performed in the Sagittal Plane? (6)
* Flexion/Extension
* Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
* Forward & Backward Bending
29
What motions are performed in the Frontal Plane? (7)
* Abduction/adduction
* Lateralflexion
* Ulnar/radialdeviation
* Eversion/inversion
30
What motions are performed in the Horizontal Plane? (3)
* Internal (medial) rotation
* External (lateral) rotation
* Axial rotation
31
**Bones rotating **around a joint in a plane of motion that is **perpendicular to an axis of rotation**
Osteokinematic motion
32
A **pivot point for angular motion**, usually located where **zero motion occurs** within the rotating body
Axis of rotation
33
An axis is typically located through the ____ member of a joint
An axis is typically located through the **convex** member of a joint
34
What is the axis of rotation for the Sagittal plane?
Medial-Lateral
35
What is the axis of rotation for the Frontal plane?
Anterior-Posterior
36
What is the axis of rotation for the Horizontal plane?
Vertical
37
* Number of independent direction a joint is allowed to move
* Considers translational & angular movements
* 3 cardinal planes of motion
Degrees of freedom
38
* Passive translation of a joint due to the normal laxity within a joint
* "Joint play"
Accessory Motion
39
Movement at a joint can be:
* ____ segment rotating about a fixed ____ segment
* ____ segment rotating about a fixated ____ segment
* **Proximal** segment rotating about a fixed **distal** segment
* **Distal ** segment rotating about a fixated **proximal** segment
40
Combination of several successively arranged joints constituting a complex motor unit
Kinematic chain
41
**Open Kinematic Chain**
* Movement of one joint is ____ of the other joints in the chain
* Distal segment of the kinematic chain is ____ fixed & ____ to move
* Movement of one joint is **independent** of the other joints in the chain
* Distal segment of the kinematic chain is **not** fixed & **able** to move
42
**Closed Kinematic Chain**
* Movement of one joint ____ the others in chain to move in a predictable manner
* Distal segment of the kinematic chain is ____ & ____ ____ to move
* Movement of one joint **causes** the others in chain to move in a predictable manner
* Distal segment of the kinematic chain is **fixed** & **not able** to move
43
Movement of the joint surfaces relative to one another
Arthrokinematics
44
* Improves congruency (fit)
* Increases surface area (dissipates contact forces)
* Guides motion between bones
Concave-Convex Relationship
45
**Multiple points along one rotating** articular **surface contact multiple points on another** articular **surface**
*Example: A tire rotating across a stretch of pavement*
Roll (rock)
46
A **single point on one** articular **surface contacts multiple points** **on another** articular **surface**
*Example: A non-rotating tire skidding across a stretch of icy pavement*
Slide (glide)
47
A **single point** on one articular surface **rotates on a single point** **on another** articular **surface**
*Example: A toy top rotating on one spot on the floor*
Spin
48
**A separation of 2 joint surfaces**
*Example: Placing your hands together & pulling them apart*
Traction
49
**A decrease in space between 2 joint surfaces**
*Example: Pushing your hands together*
Compression
50
* Convex member **rolls & slides** in **opposite** directions
* Convex bone is moving
Convex-on-Concave
51
* Concave member **rolls & slides** in **same** directions
* Concave bone is moving
Concave-on-Convex
52
The **convex or concave** member **spinning on a singular point** on a given articular surface
Spin
53
Branch of mechanics that describes the effect **(causes)** of forces on the body **(gravity, toque, etc.)**
Kinetics
54
The **position of a moving object** in terms of its **acceleration**, **velocity** and other aspects
Kinematics
55
Newtons 2nd law (F = ma) is associated with what branch of mechanics
Kinetics
56
____ or ____ that can produce, arrest or modify movement
**Push** or **pull** that can produce, arrest or modify movement
57
Two major classifications of Kinetics
Internal & External forces
58
Internal forces are produced from structures located ____ the body
Internal forces are produced from structures located **within** the body
59
External forces are produced by forces acting ____ the body (gravity, physical contact)
External forces are produced by forces acting **outside** the body (gravity, physical contact)
60
Forces (Loads) that move, fixate, or stabilize the body can also ____ & ____ the body
Forces (Loads) that move, fixate, or stabilize the body can also **deform** & **injure** the body
61
A rotatory force that **rotates an object around an axis** of rotation **in a plane perpendicular to** the **axis of rotation**
Torque
62
The **perpendicular distance between** the **axis of rotation** of the joint **&** the **force** is called a
moment arm
63
Product of a **force** and its **momentum arm**
Torque
64
A simple machine consisting of **a rigid bar that can rotate about an axis **
Lever
65
3 basic components of a lever
1. Fulcrum
2. Resistance arm
3. Force arm
66
Axis of rotation
Fulcrum
67
Perpendicular distance from axis to resistance force
Resistance arm
68
Perpendicular distance from axis to applied force
Force arm
69
**Axis** is **between** the **force** and **resistance**
Mechanical Advantage = > or < than 1
1st class lever
70
**Resistance** is **between** the **axis** and **force**
Mechanical Advantage = Greater than (>) 1
2nd class lever
71
**Force** is **between** the **axis** and **resistance**
Mechanical Advantage = Less than (<) 1
3rd class lever
72
* **Force-amplifying effectiveness** of a simple machine
* Ratio of **output force to input force**
Mechanical Advantage
73
A **time dependent property** of non-contractile soft-tissue that **initially resists deformation**, such as a change in length, of the tissue, but *if sustained*, **allows a change in length of the tissue** & **then enables the tissue to return gradually to its pre-stretched state** after the stretch force has been removed
Viscoelasticity
74
Mechanical properties of connective tissue in response to stresses & strains (5)
1. Crimp
2. Plastic deformation
3. Force (stress) relaxation
4. Creep
5. Stress Response
75
How do you find mechanical advantage?
Effort Arm Length (Ea) divided by Load Arm Length (La)
76
* Anatomical state of **collagen** where the fibers present **wavy** in orientation
* Major factor behind **viscoelastic properties**
* **1st line response to stress**
* Primary in **ligaments**, **tendons** & **joint capsules**
Crimp
77
Occurs when a tissue **remains deformed** & **does not recover its prestress**
* **Microfailure** has ensued
* Collagen fibers are capable of a **3% increase in length before microscopic failure**
Plastic Deformation
78
Indicates the **decrease** in the **amount of force needed to maintain** a tissue at a **set amount of displacement or deformation over time**
Force (stress) - relaxation
79
The ability of a tissue to deform over time while a constant load is imposed
Creep Response
80
* Exercises may be used to **change the physical properties of** both **muscles/tendons and ligaments**
* Both are capable of **adaptation to external loads by increasing in strength**
Stress response
81
**Cyclic Loading & Connective Tissue Fatigue**
Repetitive loading of tissues ____ heat production & may cause failure below the ____ ____
Repetitive loading of tissues **increases** heat production & may cause failure below the **yield point**
82
* Between the 2nd & 7th ribs
* The medial border is about 6cm lateral to the spine
Scapular position
83
* 135° angle of inclination between shaft & head
* 30° retroverted relative to the distal humerus
Humeral head orientation
84
Osteological relationship - directed anterolateral in the scapular plane & slightly rotated
Glenoid fossa
85
Osteological relationship - directed superomedial & retroverted (tilted posterior/back)
Humeral head
86
What is the functional significance of the scapular & humeral orientation?
Promoting function & stability
87
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
2:1
* 120° of GHJ abduction
* 60° of scapulothoracic upward rotation
88
Upward rotation of the scapula during full shoulder abduction is the result of...
* elevation at the SCJ
* upward rotation at the ACJ
89
During shoulder abduction the...
* clavical retracts at the SCJ
* scapula posteriorly tilts & ER
* clavical posteriorly rotates around its own axis
* glenohumeral joint ER
90
On average, women have a ____ carrying angle than men (~2°)
On average, women have a **greater** carrying angle than men (~2°)
91
* Natural frontal plane angle made during extension of the elbow
* Normally: 13° (+/-6°)
Normal cubitus valgus
92
Carrying angle of (greater) >20-25°
Excessive Cubitus Valgus
93
* Carrying angle (less) <5°
* Forearm deviated **toward** the midline
* "Gunstock deformity"
Cubitus Varus
94
The anterior trochlear groove determines the ____ that the humerus moves in ____ ____
The anterior trochlear groove determines the **position** that the humerus moves in **full flexion**
95
relative lengths of the distal surfaces of the radius and ulna
increased ulnar variance
96
the ulna is abnormally shortened compared to the radius
decreased ulnar variance
97
increased ulnar variance is a result of
active pronation
98
decreased ulnar variance is a result of
active supination
99
range of motion (functional arc) at the elbow typically needed to perform daily activities
30°-130° of flexion
100
A healthy person averages between ____° beyond neutral extension through ____° of flexion of the **elbow**
A healthy person averages between **5°** beyong neutral extension through **145°** of flexion
101
A healthy person generally allows 0 to 85° of ____ and 0 to 75° of ____ of the **forearm**
A healthy person generally allows 0 to 85° of **supination** and 0 to 75° of **pronation** of the **forearm**
102
The 100° functional arc of the forearm
0° neutral position thumb pointing straight up
103
Primary sources of carpal instability
* joint laxity
* rupture of specific ligaments
104
static carpal instability is demonstrated at
static carpal instability is demonstrated at **rest**
105
dynamic carpal instability is demonstrated only during...
free or resisted movement
106
ulnar deviation of fingers in rheumatoid arthritis
"zigzag" deformity
107
# form of carpal instability
dorsal tilt of lunate
## Footnote
dorsal - top of hand
dorsal intercalated segment instability
108
# form of carpal instability
volar tilt of lunate
## Footnote
volar - palm of hand
volar intercalated segment instability
109
# form of capal instability
small bones of the wrist shift out of position
ulnar translocation of the carpus
