EXAM 1 Cell and Molec

Question 1

helps DNA condense into chromatin

Answer 1

histones

Question 2

mRNA is synthesized here

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

these allow organ formation and cell to cell interaction

Answer 3

intercellular junctions

Question 4

highest strength of intercellular junctions

Answer 4

tight junctions

Question 5

intercellular junction that helps adhere to basil lamina

Answer 5

hemidesmosome

Question 6

intercellular junctions that allow small molecule passage

Answer 6

gap junctions

Question 7

in cell membrane, center of bilayer is _____.

Answer 7

hydrophobic

Question 8

proteins that penetrate into cell membrane

Answer 8

integral

Question 9

hydrophilic proteins associated with outside of membrane

Answer 9

peripheral

Question 10

microtubules and microfilaments are what type of proteins?

Answer 10

cytoskeletal proteins

Question 11

functions of cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 11

maintain shape, allow movement, facilitate polarity, cytotoxic transport

Question 12

examples of muscular motors

Answer 12

actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin

Question 13

vesicles that contain large amounts of lytic enzymes

Answer 13

lysosomes

Question 14

lysosomes role

Answer 14

degrade molecules

Question 15

site of most ATP production

Answer 15

mitochondria

Question 16

B-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation occur here

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

when nucleotides are degraded what is produced?

Answer 17

URIC acid

Question 18

what causes gout?

Answer 18

accumulation of uric acid

Question 19

in chemotherapy why do patients uric acid levels climb?

Answer 19

a lot of cell death occurring

Question 20

formed from a SINGLE chain of nucleotides

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

secreted proteins are made on the ________

Answer 21

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

coding parts of DNA are called____.

Answer 22

EXONS

Question 23

noncoding parts of DNA are called ____.

Answer 23

INTRONS

Question 24

Deamination yields _____.

Answer 24

urea

Question 25

what starts Urea cycle?

Answer 25

NH4

Question 26

lab tests that are important functions of liver damage

Answer 26

ALT, AST

Question 27

When the Krebs cycle is unable to process acetyl-coA, what is produced?

Answer 27

KETONES

Question 28

If there are ketones in urine, pt is using a high level of ____ for energy.

Answer 28

fat

Question 29

pathway that uses amino acids and turns it back into glucose

Answer 29

gluconeogenesis

Question 30

Energy source in fat

Answer 30

long carbon chains

Question 31

In B-oxidation, for each acetyl- coA, we can obtain ___ ATP

Answer 31

18

Question 32

process where glycogen can be turned back into glucose

Answer 32

glycogenolysis

Question 33

pathway that starts with pyruvate and will end up with 36 ATP per glucose

Answer 33

Krebs cycle

Question 34

does glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

pathway where we get 2 ATP per glucose molecule

Answer 35

glycolosis

Question 36

the ultimate source of energy for biological reactions are compounds with _____.

Answer 36

high-energy phosphate bonds

Question 37

what is normal plasma osmolality?

Answer 37

285-295 mOsm/kg

Question 38

osmolality is calculated by what three compounds in blood?

Answer 38

sodium, glucose, blood-urea nitrogen

Question 39

causes cells to swell

Answer 39

hypotonic solution

Question 40

solution that causes cell to shrink

Answer 40

hypertonic

Question 41

primary cation in ECF

Answer 41

sodium

Question 42

primary anion in ECF

Answer 42

chloride

Question 43

primary cation in ICF

Answer 43

potassium

Question 44

how do capillaries separate blood from interstitial fluid?

Answer 44

basement membranes

Question 45

blood and interstitial fluid make up the _____.

Answer 45

extracellular fluid

Question 46

makes up 2/3 of total body fluid

Answer 46

intracellular fluid

Question 47

% of blood plasma in human fluid

Answer 47

5%

Question 48

ECF and ICF make up what percent of body weight?

Answer 48

55-65%

Question 49

normal somatic cells are _____.

Answer 49

diploid

Question 50

phase in mitosis where initial cell growth begins

Answer 50

G1

Question 51

mitosis phase that most cells are in

Answer 51

G0

Question 52

dna synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells in this phase of mitosis

Answer 52

S phase

Question 53

mitosis phase that has continued cell growth before division

Answer 53

G2

Question 54

cell division phase of mitosis

Answer 54

M Phase

Question 55

cell proliferation in germ cells is done by ____.

Answer 55

meiosis

Question 56

in meiosis, chromatids separate to form how many haploid cells?

Answer 56

4