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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 1 Skeletal System > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

membrane covering bone except at articular surfaces

A

periosteum

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2
Q

lines the inner spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavities, and aversion canals of compact bone

A

endosteum

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3
Q

____ bone is formed in layers

A

mature

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4
Q

diaphysis contains ____.

A

marrow

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5
Q

end of long bone is called

A

epiphysis

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6
Q

why are epiphysis broader?

A

to support weight and avoid bending

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7
Q

after puberty the growth plate is lost, what merges?

A

metaphysis and epiphysis.

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8
Q

osteocytes are derived from

A

osteoblasts

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9
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

in the lacunae.

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10
Q

how are lucanae connected to each other?

A

canaliculi

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11
Q

growth in length of long bones occurs at the ___.

A

epiphyseal growth plate.

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12
Q

what Is calcitonin secreted by?

A

parafollicular (c cells) of the thyroid.

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13
Q

what makes up the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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14
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

tendon

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15
Q

connect bone to bone

A

ligament

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16
Q

allows stretch with rapid return to normal

A

elastin

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17
Q

firm, flexible type of connective tissue

A

cartilage

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18
Q

does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

no

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19
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

elastin. hyaline, fibrocartilage

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20
Q

type of cartilage that forms articulating surfaces

A

hyaline

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21
Q

most abundant type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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22
Q

cartilage that forms intervertebral disks, tendon connection to bone, and symphysis pubis

A

fibrocartilage

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23
Q

cartilage is formed by ____.

A

chondrocyte

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24
Q

chondrocytes are found in the

A

lacunae

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25
immature bone is called _____.
woven bone
26
lamellar bone is mature bone that is formed in ____.
layers
27
membrane covering bone except at articular surface
periosteum
28
lines the inner spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavities, and haversion canals of compact bone
endosteum
29
this is between diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones
metaphysis
30
type of bone that is in interior of flat bones, epiphysis, and metaphysis
Cancellous (spongy) bone
31
type of bone that forms outer shell, has densely packed calcium matrix
COMPACT (CORTICAL) BONE
32
the cells become osteoblasts when stimulated
osteoprogenitor cells
33
undifferentiated stromal cells located in the periosteum, endosteum, and epiphyseal plate
osteoprogenitor cells
34
Where are osteoblasts found?
periosteum, endosteum, | epiphyseal plate
35
osteoblasts form _____ on which calcium apatite and other minerals are deposited
protein matrix
36
cells that enhance calcification of osteoid
osteoblasts
37
when do osteoblast number increase?
bone growth
38
where are osteocytes derived from
osteoblasts
39
when do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes
as they mature within bone
40
where are osteocytes located?
lacunae
41
what Contributes to bone remodeling by sensing bone stress-strain and communicating to osteoblasts and osteoclasts the need to build or remove bone
osteocytes
42
cells in charge of bone "remodeling"
osteocytes
43
bone removing cells
osteoclasts
44
what do osteoclasts dissolve when removing bone?
calcium hydroxyapatite
45
Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes and matrix metalloproteases are secreted to degrade _____.
bone protein matrix
46
what enhances activity of osteoclasts?
``` Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D ```
47
what decreases activity of osteoclasts?
Calcitonin, estrogen, testosterone
48
where do osteoclasts come from?
red bone marrow
49
regulates cancer production in bone
Parathyroid hormone
50
when does bone growth predominate?
first 20-30 years
51
Starts as predominantly protein matrix (hyaline cartilage) which begins _____ from center out
calcifying
52
Growth in length of long bones occurs at the | ______.
epiphyseal growth plate
53
what lengthens the diaphysis?
when Chondrocytes multiply and secrete cartilage into the metaphysis
54
Osteoblasts enhance _____ deposition
hydroxyapatite
55
when does growth in length stop?
when epiphyseal plate chondrocytes stop protein matrix production
56
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Separation or injury to epiphyseal plate, Mechanical stress, Nutritional status, Hormones
57
what increases serum calcium when serum calcium is low
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
58
how does calcitonin reduce blood calcium?
Inhibiting calcium absorption from the GI tract, Inhibiting osteoclast activity, Inhibiting kidney calcium and phosphate reabsorption
59
when is calcitonin released?
Released in response to elevated serum calcium or elevated gastrin
60
cells that secrete calcitonin
parafollicular (C cells) of the thyroid
61
how does vitamin d become active hormone?
Hydroxylation in liver to 25-OH, | Hydroxylated in kidney to 1,25-OH (active form), which increases GI absorption of Ca++ and promotes PTH actions
62
name of vitamin D3, most active
Cholecalciferol
63
name of vitamin d2, in vitamin pills
Ergocalciferal
64
Effects of Vitamin D include
Increasing calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract, Increase calcium and phosphate reabsorption from kidney, Stimulate osteoclast activity, Net effect to increase serum calcium and phosphate
65
people with liver and kidney disfunction will probably develop ____.
osteoporosis
66
Inner layer of joint capsule secretes this
synovial fluid
67
function of synovial fluid
lubricant
68
what are bursae?
Closed sacs containing synovial fluid
69
function of bursae?
Prevent friction between tendon / skin and tendon / bone
70
is bursae part of the joint?
no

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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