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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 2 Vascular System > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Vascular System Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction results in increased vascular resistance, reducing ______.

A

capillary perfusion

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2
Q

Most capillaries are between __ and ___ µm in diameter

A

5-10µm

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3
Q

blushing is related to _____.

A

precapillary sphincters

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4
Q

Capillaries can dilate with ______.

A

increased arteriolar pressure

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5
Q

Size of capillaries are just big enough to allow _____ through in “single file”.

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

The entrance into capillary beds are surrounded by ______.

A

smooth muscle precapillary sphincters

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7
Q

precapillary sphincters are Smooth muscle that responds to ______ substances

A

vasoconstrictor

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8
Q

capillary pressure is low or high?

A

low

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9
Q

pressure inside the capillary

A

35 to 15 mmHg

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10
Q

% of the blood volume is in capillaries

A

5%

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11
Q

What exchanges in the capillaries?

A

gases, nutrients, and wastes

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12
Q

how is the flow in capillaries?

A

Flow is slow and

continuous

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13
Q

Capillaries allow transport by ____.

A

vesicle movement

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14
Q

Three layers of artery and vein

A

Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

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15
Q

Strong outer covering of arteries and veins

Consists of connective tissues (collagen and elastic fibers on external elastic lamina)

A

Tunica Externa (adventitia)

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16
Q

Middle layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Thicker in arteries than veins

A

Tunica Media

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17
Q

Inner layer in direct contact with the blood

Elastic basement membrane (elastic lamina) covered by endothelial cells

A

Tunica Intima

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18
Q

Each layer of artery and vein is separated from the next by ______ (external and internal)

A

elastic lamina

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19
Q

Walls of large arteries contain a large amount of what two things?

A 
smooth muscle (media) 
elastic tissue (thick elastic laminas)
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20
Q

Laminas stretch during _____.

A

systole

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21
Q

Laminas recoil during _____.

A

diastole

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22
Q

Vascular smooth muscle of arteries is innervated by___.

A

SNS

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23
Q

is PNS involved with innervation of arteries?

A

no

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24
Q

major site of vascular resistance (BP)

A

arterioles

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25
Constriction of artery increases | ________.
resistance and blood pressure
26
dilation of artery decreases ____.
blood pressure
27
what cushion the cardiac pulsation and convert intermittent blood flow to steady flow
arteries
28
Aorta expands during ______ to accommodate flow (SV)
systole
29
Aorta recoils during _____ to maintain pressure and arterial flow
diastole
30
large artery Pressure increases during _____
systole (systolic BP)
31
large artery Pressure is partially maintained during ______ by elastic recoil
diastole (diastolic BP)
32
Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction results in_________.
increased vascular resistance | which reduces capillary perfusion
33
Most capillaries are between__ and ___in diameter
5 and 10 µm
34
size of capillaries is sufficient enough to let in ___.
red blood cells
35
Capillaries can dilate with _____.
increased arteriolar pressure
36
The entrance into capillary beds are surrounded by _______.
smooth muscle precapillary sphincters
37
Smooth muscle that responds to vasoconstrictor substances
precapillary sphincters
38
Pressure inside capillary is ___ (low pressure)
35 to 15 mmHg
39
what % of the blood volume is in capillaries
5%
40
exchange of what 3 things occur in capillaries?
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes
41
how is flow in capillaries?
slow and continuous
42
example of capillary movement through both fenestrations and incomplete basement membranes
Sinuosoidal
43
Fenestrations regulate _____.
size of molecules passing through them
44
these are readily permeable across capillary endothelial cells and basement membranes
O2, CO2 and other gases
45
these are freely transportable across capillary (except BBB)
Nutrients (FA, AA, vitamins, minerals)
46
Cells and large proteins held inside the ___.
capillary lumen
47
Lipoprotein particles (chylomicrons, LDL, HDL, VLDL) are metabolized where?
endothelial surface via lipoprotein receptors, enzymes | ex: lipoprotein lipase
48
Contain relatively little smooth muscle, but can constrict with sympathetic stimulation and endothelins
veins and venules
49
Midsize and large veins have _____ to prevent retrograde (backward) flow
one-way valves
50
are one-way valves present in great veins?
no
51
these are not present in the very small veins and venules, the “great” veins (e.g., vena cava), or the veins from the brain and viscera
one-way valves
52
what compresses veins and forces blood to flow through one-way valves towards the heart
Skeletal muscle contraction
53
Excessive pressures within veins can cause ____.
failure of valves and/or dilatation of veins (varicose veins)
54
these have highest compliance
veins
55
vessel that can contain largest amount of blood volume
Veins
56
referred to as "capacitance vessels”
veins
57
the smaller the vessel, the ___ the blood flows through
slower
58
fluid balance Is maintained by
``` Hydrostatic (blood pressure) colloid osmotic (blood protein content) Endothelial junction integrity ```
59
Collect plasma from the interstitial spaces and return to the blood
lymphatic vessels
60
lymphatic vessels Begin with
closed-ended vessels with porous walls
61
lymphatic vessels Coalesce into larger vessels and have what to assure single direction flow?
one-way valves
62
where are Lymph nodes located?
along the course of flow and lymph passes through
63
where do lymphatic vessels end?
thoracic duct
64
where does the thoracic duct empty?
left subclavian vein
65
what forces lymph to flow in one direction due to the presence of one-way valves (same process as veins)
Skeletal muscle contraction
66
Blood pressure affected by (5)
1. Arterial resistance (constriction, stenosis) 2. Products of the endothelium 3. Arterial compliance (ability to stretch and recoil) 4. Hormonal control 5. Central (CNS) and autonomic control (nervous input, circulating effectors)
67
Anytime we injure endothelial cells what increases?
blood pressure
68
Healthy Endothelium has 2 things
Vasodilators | Antithrombotic factors
69
examples of Antithrombotic factors
prostacyclin, thrombomodulin, antithrombin, plasminogen activator, heparin
70
examples of vasodilators
nitric oxide [NO], prostacyclin
71
“Injured” Endothelium has 2 things
Vasoconstrictors | Prothrombotic factors
72
Prothrombotic factors examples
von Willebrand’s factor, thromboxane, factor V, thromboplastin, platelet activating factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor
73
Vasoconstrictors examples
ACE, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, endothelin
74
the predominant neurotransmitters affecting vascular tone
Norepinephrine (synaptic) and epinephrine (adrenal)
75
sympathetic vascular control deals with
Norepinephrine (synaptic) and epinephrine (adrenal) affecting vascular tone
76
Alpha-adreno receptors | Associated mainly with
with increased contractibility of vascular smooth muscle and intestinal relaxation
77
Alpha1 (α1) receptor stimulation results in
smooth muscle contraction in peripheral blood vessels
78
Alpha2 (α2 ) receptor stimulation stimulation results in
in relaxation of GI smooth muscle and minor effects on blood vessel smooth muscle (contractile and dilatory effects)
79
Beta1 (β1) receptor stimulation results in
cardiac stimulation and lipolysis
80
Beta2 (β2 ) receptor stimulation results in
bronchodilation, relaxation of skeletal muscle blood vessels, and muscle glycogenolysis
81
Beta-adrenoreceptors | Associated with
vasodilation and relaxation of nonintestinal smooth muscle and cardiac stimulation
82
Hypertension in diabetes comes from
endothelial cell dysfunction
83
Epinephrine and norepinephrine | are from the ___,
adrenal medulla
84
when are Naturetic peptides | produced?
with atrial and ventricular stretch
85
reunions comes from the ___.
kidney
86
angiotensin is a plasma protein from the ___.
liver
87
aldosterone comes from the ____.
adrenal cortex
88
ADH/ Vasopressin is from the ____.
posterior pituitary
89
Cuff pressure > systolic BP – what is sound?
No sound (no arterial flow)
90
The first sound heard in Bp
is just below peak systolic BP
91
when taking BP, Sounds are heard while ___.
cuff pressure < systolic BP but > diastolic BP
92
when taking BP, when does sound disappear?
when cuff pressure < diastolic BP (no flow resistance or turbulance)
93
what maintains higher diastolic pressure?
compliance
94
gravity affects what pressure?
venous pressure

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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