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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 1 Muscular System > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

similarities between muscle cells and action potentials

A

excitable
Conducts electric impulses by action potentials
Cell membrane is polarized at rest

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2
Q

muscle that is voluntary

A

skeletal

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3
Q

muscles begin and end with ____.

A

tendons

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4
Q

individual muscle cells form the _____.

A

contractile elements

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5
Q

arrangement of muscle fibers between tendons

A

parallel

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6
Q

muscle cells are rich in _______.

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

muscle cell’s plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

contractile bundles arranged parallel to the muscle cell length

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

the fundamental contractile unit of a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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10
Q

sarcomere consists of 3 things

A

z disk, thin filaments, thick filaments

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11
Q

thick filament which overlap between thin filaments in sarcomere

A

myosin

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12
Q

thin filaments (3)

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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13
Q

lines at the end of sarcomere

A

z disk

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14
Q

which troponin is not in heart muscle

A

troponin c

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15
Q

amino acid NT

A

GABA

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16
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine

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17
Q

catecholamine NT

A

dopamine norepinephrine, epinephrine

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18
Q

system made up of tubular membranes surrounding myofibrils

A

sarcotubular system

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19
Q

stores and releases calcium in muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

is sarcolemma myelinated?

A

no

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21
Q

role of transverse tubules in sarcotubular system

A

Provide path for the rapid transmission of the action potential from the sarcolemma to the myofibrils

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22
Q

type of proteins that troponin and calmodulin are

A

binding proteins

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23
Q

what is required for contraction of all muscle typea

A

calcium

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24
Q

calcium binding protein that skeletal and cardiac muscle use?

A

troponin

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25
calcium binding protein that smooth muscle uses?
calmodulin
26
these form the contractile elements in all muscle types
actin and myosin
27
source of calcium in skeletal muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
28
source of calcium in smooth and cardiac muscle
SR and extracellular fluid via voltage gated Ca++ channels
29
4 sequential action of skeletal muscle contraction
1. cross bridge 2. power stroke 3. myosin heads unhook 4. myosin heads resets
30
what do myosin heads bind to?
active actin sites
31
during the power stroke phase, myosin changes shape and does what?
pulls thin actin-tropomyosin strand toward M line
32
when is ADP released in the action of a skeletal muscle
during the power stroke phase
33
what must occur to result in recocking of the myosin head
ATP binds to myosin and is cleaved to ADP and Pi
34
what do you need to repeat the skeletal muscle contraction cycle?
ATP and calcium
35
in skeletal and cardiac muscle, contraction is inhibited by
tropomyosin–troponin
36
in smooth muscle, contraction is inhibited by
tropomyosin–calmodulin
37
why does rigor mortis happen?
death results in the cessation of ATP production, cross bridges become locked in place (muscles stiffen)
38
ultimate energy source for muscle
ATP
39
What can replenish ATP for short periods?
creatinine phosphate
40
when is creatine phosphate most important?
high intensity anaerobic activity
41
during rest and low intensity activity, what is the primary fuel?
free fatty acids from diet and adipose tissue
42
primary fuel during strenuous activity?
glucose
43
in the Cory cycle, what is transferred back to pyruvate and then into glucose?
lactate
44
the junction between the motor neuron and muscle fiber
motor end plate`
45
what is a muscle twitch
brief contraction followed by relaxation from a single action potential
46
fibers specialized for endurance
slow fibers
47
slow fibers rely mainly on aerobic respiration, which means they prefer ___.
fat
48
fiber type predominate in posture muscles
slow oxidative. fibers TYPE 1
49
fiber type predominant in action muscles
fast oxidative fibers type 2A
50
fibers specialized for quick strong contractions
fast fibers type 2b
51
fiber predominate in eyes and fingers
fast fibers type 2b
52
Contraction against a constant load with a reduction in muscle length
Isotonic: Same tension
53
Force is produced and work IS performed | in what type of muscle contraction?
Isotonic: Same tension
54
Force is produced but no work is performed | in what type of muscle contraction?
Isometric: Same length
55
Contraction occurs without a large decrease in the length of the whole muscle
Isometric: Same length
56
examples of when isometric contraction is used
standing, sitting, posture
57
contraction that produces movement
Isotonic Contraction
58
what Is tetany?
sustained involuntary muscle contraction
59
when tetanic contraction occurs in isolated muscles, it is called _____.
cramping
60
when does tetanic contraction occur?
Rapid repeated electrical stimulation causes Repeated activation of contractile mechanism this results in continuous contraction (tetanus)
61
Charlie horse is an example of an _____
titanic contraction
62
example of electrical stimulation causing tetany
stun gun
63
what are fasiculations
Jerky, visible contractions of small groups of muscle fibers (same as a “twitch”)
64
Fine, irregular contractions of individual fibers is called______.
fibrillation
65
What is the calcium-binding protein of the skeletal muscle contractile apparatus?
Troponin
66
cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by
“intercalated discs”
67
muscle that Prefers fat as energy substrate
cardiac muscle
68
when cells function as a unit it is referred to as ____.
Syncytium
69
muscle cells that Line walls of most hollow organs
smooth
70
in vascular, smooth muscle regulates ____.
blood flow and pressure
71
too much bronchial constriction is referred to as __.
asthma
72
too much arterial and venous dilation is referred to as _____.
septic shock
73
is smooth muscle striated?
no
74
The wave-like pattern of pain associated with SM contraction is called
“colicky” pain

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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