Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
A
Systematics
2
Q
Changing the ___ group changes the amino acid
A
R group
3
Q
Cytosine bonds to what?
A
Guanine
4
Q
What is the function of a lipid
A
Long term energy storage
5
Q
protein function in animals:
defense —>
A
antibodies for immune system
6
Q
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (and therefore mass) are called:
A
Isotopes
7
Q
Populations of various animals and plants (ex:in the forest)
A
Community
8
Q
community of populations interacts with the physical environment
A
Ecosystem
9
Q
Polypeptide that has folded into a particular shape and has function is a:
A
protein
10
Q
What vary in structure and have large non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water?
A
Lipids
11
Q
Vaporization of water happens under high heat or low heat?
A
High heat; Hydrogen bonds must be broken to evaporate; happens at about 100 degreesC
12
Q
Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function
A
Tissue
13
Q
What is a nonpolar bond?
A
Equal sharing of electrons
14
Q
What might cause a phospholipid tail to bend?
A
A double bond
15
Q
How many domains are there?
A
3:
domain bacteria
domain archaea
domain eukarya
16
Q
Hydrolysis unstable bond yields:
A
- Energy to do cellular work
- ADP; inorganic phosphate (adenine diphosphate)
17
Q
up to _____ percent of the dry weight of cells consists of proteins
A
50%
18
Q
Protein function in animals:
support–>
A
Keratin and collagen
19
Q
saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
A
solid
20
Q
What is made out of water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes?
A
Cytoplasm
21
Q
Fatty acids can be _________ and _______
A
saturated and unsaturated
22
Q
Ability to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding is known as what?
A
Cohesion
- Water flows freely
- Surface tension
23
Q
Which Domain includes these features? Prokaryotic cells adaptations to all environments absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique Chemical Characteristics
A
Domain Bacteria
24
Q
Region that contains the single, CIRCULAR, DNA molecule?
A
Nucleoid
25
functional groups attach where for steroids?
to the carbon skeleton
26
We can consider a phospholipid _____ meaning it has regions of polarity and non-polarity in the molecule
Amphipathic
27
What are the 4 classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars); Lipids (fats, oils, waxes); proteins (99.99% enzymes); Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
28
Waxes are _____ to degradation
resistant
29
Polar phosphate heads orient ____ water; while their non-polar tails orient ____ from water
towards; away from water
30
Steroid skeletons consist of ___ fused carbon rings
4
31
unsaturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
liquid
32
What 2 atoms are in organic molecules
Carbon and Hydrogen
33
Protein function in animals:
| Transport --->
hemoglobin and membrane proteins
34
What are the structural components of lipids
Cell communication and Regulation protection
35
In water is oxygen or hydrogen electronegative?
Oxygen; hydrogen is electropositive
36
Which cells are larger: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
37
Does energy cycle?
No. Only flows
38
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides joined together
39
is RNA single or double stranded
Single
40
A chemical combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits is known as
A buffer
41
what is required for cells to carry out synthesis and degradation reactions
enzymes
42
A carbon chain in an organic molecule is known as
Carbon skeleton or backbone
43
Do phosphates have positive or negative forces?
Positive
44
What kind of cells contain a
Membrane bound nucleus
organelles with membranes
Eukaryotic cells
45
What are the 3 domains?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya
46
Composed of nucleotides, store info, and include instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions
Nucleic acid
47
On which cell does The cell envelope include:
- Plasma membrane
- Cell wall (maintains shape/peptidoglycan)
- Glycocalyx (sugar layer outside of cell)
Prokaryotic cells
48
A group of similar organisms, capable of interbreeding
Species
49
The process of a bond formation or breakdown is called
A chemical reaction
50
A phospholipid is the main component in a:
plasma membrane
51
Does water have a high heat or low heat capacity?
High heat; can absorb a large amount of heat without great change in temperature; temp of water rises and falls slowly, allows organisms to maintain internal temps
52
What are the 2 strands in DNA held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
53
a pentose is what?
5 carbon sugar monosaccharide
54
more than one polypeptide held together with another polypeptide is what level of the protein structure?
Quaternary
55
The rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA (plasmids) are called:
Conjugation pili
56
a long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol make up a
WAX
57
What is the function of a triglyceride?
long term energy storage and insulation
58
What are the 5 hydrogenous bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, and Guanine
59
In order for a protein to function, it must:
fold into proper shape
60
why do we need to be able to reproduce?
To maintain a population
61
What happens when blood pH drops below 7.0?
Acidosis
62
4 levels of protein structure are:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
63
Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool
Population
64
What is the purpose of reproduction?
To pass on copies of genetic information (genes) to the next generation
65
What are the 2 energy-related organelles?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
66
What two domains are the taxonomic domains of prokaryotic cells?
Domain bacteria
| domain archaea
67
A valence shell is most stable when it is
A) Full
B) partially full
C) empty
Full
68
Functional groups determine:
Chemical reactivity and polarity of the organic molecule
69
Halophiles like what kind of environments?
Salty environments
70
nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions, etc.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
71
Surface-to-area-volume ratio requires that cells be:
| Small or Large
Small
72
Acids release what ion?
H+
73
what is essential to the structure and function of a cell?
plasma membrane
74
cell sizes range from:
1 micrometer to 1 millimeter
75
Who was the scientist that discovered radiation?
Marie Curie
76
The bonds caused by interaction between electrons are in the:
A) outermost shells
B) inner most shell
Outermost shell
77
Clusters of specific atoms bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic structures and functions are known as:
Functional groups
78
```
Category-subunits- Polymer
carb- monosaccharide-polysaccharide
lipids- glycerol/fatty acids-Fat
Proteins- Amino acids- Polypeptide
Nucleic Acid- Nucleotide- DNA/RNA
```
BIOMOLECULES
79
Are covalent bonds are between molecules or within molecules?
Within molecules
80
protein function in animals:
| motion --->
Muscle proteins and microtubules
81
Which is healthier for you? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated (oils)
| saturated is butter or lard
82
Why is Water a polar bond?
Because oxygen is partly negative and hydrogen is partly positive; they attract
83
A hexose is what?
6 carbon sugar monosaccharide; ex glucose (c6h12o6)
84
This bond forms when 2 atoms SHARE electrons
Covalent Bond
85
What does the endomembrane system do?
Communicate with one another via membrane channels or small vesicles
86
What are small extra rings of DNA
Plasmids
87
What is the most abundant carb and organic molecule on earth?
Cellulose
88
What type of bond is it?
| Electrons are transferred from one atom to another; creates oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other?
Ionic bond
| ex: Sodium Chloride
89
What is the function of a wax?
Protection
90
```
H
|
H-- C -- H
|
H
```
Covalent bond; Carbon is sharing Hydrogen electrons on its outer shell (Methane; nonpolar)
91
Is DNA single or double stranded
Double
92
How can a protein become denatured?
exposure to chemicals, change in pH, high temps (breaks the hydrogen bonds)
93
The outermost energy shell is called the:
Valance Electrons
94
What do feedback systems do?
Monitor internal conditions and make adjustments
| i.e. sweating and thirst to maintain homeostasis
95
What is ATP?
Energy molecule within the cell
96
Is water polar or nonpolar?
Polar; sharing of electrons is not equal
97
Contain dissolved substances
Solution
98
A heritable change in population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment is known as:
Evolution
99
Union of 2 or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound:
Molecules
100
What molecule is the precursor for all other steroids?
Cholesterol
101
What are the 2 most diverse ecosystems?
Rainforests and Coral Reefs
102
Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers
Polymers
103
```
Which domain includes the following features?
Prokaryotic cells
adaptations to extreme environments
absorb or chemosynthesize food
unique chemical characteristics
```
DOMAIN Archaea
104
Comprised of 3 types of molecules; pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base
Nucleotide
105
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose are examples of what?
Disaccharides
106
Ability to cling to other polar surfaces is known as:
Adhesion
- Due to waters polarity
- Capillary action
107
The first prokaryotes appeared how many years ago?
3 billion years ago
108
Name the 3 basic shapes of the prokaryotic cells
spiral
rod shaped
spherical
109
Can isotopes be radioactive?
Yes, like Carbon 14; can be helpful or harmful
110
If a valence shell is less than full, it would be:
Reactive
111
The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
Electronegativity
112
What tells you the number of each kind of atom in a molecule?
The Chemical Formula
| EX: C6H12O6; indicates 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen
113
Unsaturated fatty acids have a ____ bond
double
114
What is the synthesis of organic molecules by the oxidation of inorganic compounds?
Chemosynthesis
115
Splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of water
hydrolysis reaction
116
If something contains more than one cell, it is called:
Multicellular
117
Combination of 2 or more different tissues performing a common function:
Organ
118
Carbon has a covalent bond to what?
hydrogen
119
What kind of structure does glucose have?
Ring structure; each corner has a carbon
120
A substance dissolved in a solvent is known as a
Solute
121
Final 3-D shape held in place by hydrophobic interactions (H bonding, ionic bonding, covalent bonding) is what level of protein
Tertiary
122
How many common amino acids are there?
20
123
A weak attraction of slightly positive hydrogen atoms to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity
Hydrogen Bond
124
Miller and Urey tested the Operin/Haldane hypothesis on what?
Spontaneous formation of organic molecules
125
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction that's not consumed in the reaction or changed in the reaction
Enzymes
126
Functions of a carb:
Energy source, and provide building material (structure)
127
What physician discovered that all cells come only from pre-existing cells?
Rudolph Virchow
128
Which scientist found the double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
129
Saturated fatty acids have a _______- bond
single
130
How many fatty acids are waxes made of?
one; one dense fatty acid
131
Amino acid sequence is what protein level?
Primary
132
How many species are there are on Earth and how many are actually identified and named?
8.7 million; 2.3 million identified
133
Bases take up what ion
H+ or RELEASE OH-
134
Ribonucleic acid, AKA
RNA
135
What kind of cell lacks a membrane bound nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells
136
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotes have them
137
the outermost electron shell is most stable (not reactive) when it has 8 (or 2 for H and He) electrons is known as what rule?
Octet Rule
138
1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group make up a ______
Phospholipid
139
Where is chitin found?
| -it's the strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide
in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of some animals
140
maintaining biological balance is known as:
Homeostasis
141
Which domain includes these features?
Have a nucleus
Have membrane-bound organelles
are Eukaryotes
Domain Eukarya
142
Starch is a polysaccharide in what?
plants
143
What happens when blood rises above 7.8?
Alkalosis
144
What is a long polymer of a monosaccharide?
Polysaccharide
145
Who was the first scientist to synthesize steroids?
Percy Julian
146
Methanogens like what to eat what?
Methane!
147
protein function in animals:
| regulation --->
hormones; insulin
148
A discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules
Taxonomy
149
Where is peptidoglycan found?
| -contains short chains of amino acids
cell walls of bacteria
150
The main energy molecule for cells is what 3 letter acronym?
ATP
151
a misfolded protein that causes other proteins of the same type to fold wrong is called
Prions
152
Polysaccharides are sometimes called:
Complex carbohydrates; not quite as soluble in water
153
Smallest, most basic unit of structure and function of all living things, can be unicellular or multicellular
Cell
154
Ribose and deoxyribose are __ carbon atoms
5 carbon atoms; pentose sugars; make up structural backbone in nucleic acids
155
What is more advantageous: small cells with large surface area or large cells with small surface area?
small cells with large surface areas
156
Which 2 scientists proposed the endosymbiotic theory?
Konstantin Mereschkowski and Lynn Margulis
157
Which scientist revolutionized Atom Structure?
A) Marie Curie
B) Maria Goeppert-Mayer
C) Jacques Custeau
B) Maria Goeppert-Mayer
-Proposed the nuclear shell model while working at the University of Chicago, Won a Nobel Prize, received her PhD in 1930
158
Process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy of organic nutrient molecules. (PLANTS)
Photosynthesis
159
In an unsaturated fatty acid there is a structural deformation that ____ the molecule; gives more space
bends
160
What level of protein structure is with alpha helices, beta sheets (pleated) and held in place with hydrogen bonds?
Secondary
161
Monosaccharide is
Single sugar molecule; monomer; backbone of 3-7 carbons
| EX: GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE
162
To become denatured is:
To lose shape
163
Can covalent bonds be polar?
YES
164
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
1) organization
2) Acquire materials and energy
3) Maintain Homeostasis
4) Responds to stimuli
5) Reproduce and develop
6) Adaptations
165
What store info, how to copy/replicate and also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined together to make a protein
DNA
166
Phospholipids have a ____ head and a ___ tail
polar head, non-polar tail
167
Group of related organs working together. ex: digestive and endocrine systems
Organ system
168
all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Metabolism
169
All of earths ecosystems are known as:
The biosphere
170
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA made of?
Sugar and phosphate
171
Genes determine the characteristics of an:
organism
172
Chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond
Dehydration reaction
173
A group of eukaryotic organisms that aren't a plant, fungus, or animal
Protists
174
Eukarya split into four kingdoms:
| Protists, plants, fungi, AND
Animals
175
Are hydrogen bonds between molecules or within molecules?
Between molecules; easily broken
176
How do amino acids differ?
Their R groups change
177
H is the what for hydrogen?
Atomic Symbol
178
Small bristle like fibers are called:
Fimbriae
179
Polysaccharides are storage for energy. True or False.
True
180
Triglycerides are made up on 1 glycerol molecule and ___ fatty acids
3
181
A covalent bond of 2 amino acids =
peptide bond
182
What in plants maintains homeostasis?
Stomata
183
Cells need ____ surface area to exchange materials
LARGE
184
Small molecule that's a subunit of a polymer
Monomer
| ex: glucose= monomer of starch
185
Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of
Steroids
186
Basic units of matter:
Atoms
187
Can covalent Bonds be nonpolar?
YES
188
What is the flagella for?
Movement; like a tail on a sperm
189
Why is water a good solvent?
Polarity
Polar substances dissolve readily
Hydrophilic molecules dissolve (polar)
190
Adenine bonds to what?
Thyamine
191
The scientific study of life
Biology
192
Photosynthesis was first evolved in?
Bacteria
193
Theres always a ______ in a 5 carbon sugar in this type of nucleotide
phosphate
194
Systematic order
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
195
An individual multicelled or single celled entity
Organism
196
Polymers of ___ _____ are linked together by peptide bonds
amino acids
197
What can speed up a reaction rate?
enzymes
198
Protein function in animals:
| Metabolism --->
Enzymes
199
What is a polar bond?
Unequal sharing of electrons
200
Glycogen is energy storage for?
Animals
201
Name this Model:
Less than 20 electrons; electrons in energy shells; first shell has 2; each additional shell has up to 8 electrons, lower shell is filled first before the next.
Bohr Model
202
12
C
6
---What is 12 for carbon and what is 6?
12 is the mass number; 6 is the atomic number
203
What is the ultimate source of energy?
The sun
204
A long chain of amino acids is known as
polypeptide
205
```
PUT THESE IN ORDER:
biosphere
ecosystem
organ system
multicellular
organ
tissue
species
population
atoms
cells
community
molecules
organism
```
atoms. molecules. cells. multicellular. tissue. organ. organ system. organism. species. population. community. Ecosystem. biosphere
206
Carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as what?
| Monomer or Polymer?
Polymers
207
The atomic number is on top
the mass number is located under the symbol on the Periodic table
208
What human fluid has a pH of 7.4
Blood
209
a proteins primary importance is
the structure and function of cells
210
Thermophiles like what kind of environment?
Hot environments
211
What is a paramecium?
Microscopic protist (larger and more complex than bacteria)
212
Schleiden and Schwann studied what in 1830?
Cell organization
213
waxes are ____ at room temp
solid
214
Valence electrons determine:
Many of the atoms chemical properties
215
the capacity to do work
Energy
216
Cellulose is found where?
cell walls of plants; its structural only; major complex carb of plant cell walls
217
She became the first woman professor at the University of Paris and the first woman to win the Nobel Prize (1903); and the only woman to win 2x (again in 1911)
Marie Curie
218
Mitochondria come from which of these?
Bacteria
Fungi
or Animals?
Bacteria; mitochondria need respiration
219
What is an adaption?
Any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment.
