Exam 4 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
These cut DNA at specific sequences
–cuts both plasmid and foreign DNA
A
Restriction Enzymes
2
Q
This compares human genome to other organisms; a way to study evolution
A
Comparative genomics
3
Q
GMOs in plants promote plant health like in the :
A
frost resistant strawberry
4
Q
Any permanent change to the DNA sequence is known as
A
a mutation
5
Q
Studying thousands of genes all at once is called
A
Functional Genomics
6
Q
Computer technology plus statistics plus big biological data sets make :
A
Bioinformatics
7
Q
This is the start codon ALWAYS
A
AUG
8
Q
Ribosomes have ____ and _____ subunits
A
large and small
9
Q
The intiator tRNA binds to what site of the ribosome?
A
P site
10
Q
A mistake in the normal cell process is known as what kind of mutation:
A
Spontaneous mutation
11
Q
Each codon codes for:
A
1 amino acid
12
Q
Transcription wont usually happen without multiple helper proteins in who transcriptional regulation?
A
Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
13
Q
Can an amino acid have more than one codon that codes for it?
A
Yes
14
Q
The enzyme that transcribes DNA and produces RNA is
A
RNA polymerase
15
Q
DNA copied into RNA
A
transcription
16
Q
P site:
A
Peptide site
17
Q
Anti-codon and amino acid are _____ for each other
A
specific
18
Q
this has a poly-A tail (150-200 adenines on 3’ end)
A
mRNA
19
Q
When we use GMO animals to make medicine, it is known as
A
Pharming
20
Q
RNA polymerase binds
A
the promoter
21
Q
All the genetic information of an individual or species
A
Genome
22
Q
once the release factor binds the stop codon and cuts protein off, what happens?
A
ribosome falls apart
23
Q
Entire process of bacteria regulation of transcription can be controlled together using __ promoter(s)
A
1
24
Q
True or False: Mutations cant change mRNA sequences
A
False, they can
25
The initiator tRNA is bound to what amino acid?
Methionine
26
This deletes part of a codon
Frame shift deletion
27
1 ______ produces many proteins
mRNA
28
this binds the stop codon
release factors
29
a big long chain of something
polymer
30
We believe jumping genes came from what?
Ancient viruses which became regulatory sequences
31
Replication in eukaryotes starts where?
at many points
32
DNA info (GENES) are converted to another form to be useful
- RNA then protein
- DNA HAS to stay in the protected nucleus
- RNA leaves nucleus to make proteins
Transcription
33
polymerase can or cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound?
cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound
34
Why is Golden Rice and Golden Maize so important?
It has an increased amount of Vitamin A so prevent blindness and poor immune systems to poorer countries
35
When is the operon transcribed for tryptophan?
When tryptophan is needed
36
Mutations that increase cancer expression are:
Oncogenes
37
E site:
exit site; tRNA leaves without amino acid
38
The initiator tRNA binds to what codon?
AUG
39
These help RNA polymerase bind to promoter
Transcription factors
40
These are made of rRNA and proteins
Ribosomes
41
mRNA is read by ribosomes in 3 base pairs called:
codons
42
True or False: Jumping genes can cause mutations
True
43
This brings amino acids to ribosomes and bins the mRNA codon with complimentary anti-codon
tRNA
44
What is in a nucleotide structure?
Phosphate groups, pentose sugar (5 carbon), Base with nitrogen
45
DNA finger printing
Short tandem repeat profiling
Used in paternity suits, criminal cases, corpse ID
Polymerase Chain Reaction applications
46
How many genomes do humans have?
20,500
47
Phosphate always attaches where?
To the 5 carbon sugar
48
Replication starts where in prokaryotes?
At origin of replication
49
True or False: The repressor can bind the operator without tryptophan
FALSE
50
DNA helix is:
anti-parallel
51
UAA, UAG, UGA are the 3
stop codons
52
When repressor protein and tryptophan come together, they bind the
operator
53
This adds nucleotides to 3' end of new section
DNA polymerase
54
These contain a gene from another critter
GMO's
55
A site:
amino acid/arrival site; where the tRNA arrives
56
Identifying and correcting any errors in nucleotides
proofreading
57
once introns are spliced and exons are sewn together, the end result is:
Mature RNA ready to leave the nucleus
58
If the promoter is blocked, can the operon be transcribed?
no
59
before translation, these are removed
introns
60
RNA read into proteins (ribosomes needed!)
Translation
61
Why do we use GMO animals?
for human gene editing: to cure hereditary disease
62
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes; amino acids bond together, and tRNA leaves ribosome once empty during this process:
Elongation
63
This gives patients genes to make up for a faulty gene
Gene Therapy
64
Pastes DNA into plasmid
DNA ligase
65
These usually fix mutations
DNA repair enzymes
66
this strand works in fragments
Lagging strand
67
The DNA helix is held together by _______ bonds and complimentary base pairing
hydrogen bonds
68
Is the tryptophan operon usually on or off?
Off; no gene expression
69
Study of genomes is called
Genomics
70
Only one DNA strand is template for
RNA
71
rRNA:
Ribosomal DNA; makes up most of the ribosome
72
How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?
3
73
producing identical copies of the exact same gene
Gene Cloning
74
Small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA during
Initiation
75
Operon transcription leads to translation of proteins needed for ______ synthesis
tryptophan
76
These "glue" foreign and plasmid DNA together
sticky ends
77
RNA is complimentary to a
gene
78
This leaves nucleus to be translated; vulnerable to being broken down; must be modified before leaving nucleus,
mRNA
79
process when previous tRNA moves to P site; ribosome reads STOP codon (in A site)
Termination
80
Adenine and Guanine are purines or pyrimidines
Purines
81
DNA genes --> mRNA encoding many proteins --> enzymes that make tryptophan
Tryptophan operon
82
changing a nucleic acid into an amino acid is
translation
83
This makes an exact copy of all chromosomes (in S phase) 1-2 chromatids
DNA replication
84
mRNA:
messenger RNA; codes for proteins
85
this is used in genetic engineering, gene editing, and GMO's
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
86
Studying thousands of proteins all at once is known as
Proteomics
87
Addition or subtraction of a nucleotide; leads to codons shifting and changes all following codons and their amino acids
Frame shift
88
how many possible codons are there?
64
89
Bacterial genes often organize into these:
operons
90
This copies a specific piece of DNA
- cloning
- millions of copies in a few hours
- in a tiny test tube
Polymerase Chain Reaction
91
DNA polymerase works continuously on what strand?
Leading strand
92
Making a copy is known as
transcription
93
Main types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
94
this binds promoter sequence of genes, tells enzyme where gene is, pulls DNA strands apart, transcribes gene (adds nucleotides to make RNA), stops when it reaches termination sequence
RNA polymerase
95
Anticodons are found on what?
tRNA
96
True or false: tryptophan is usually available in the environment
true
97
do stop codons code for amino acids?
no
98
These bind enhancer sequences; far from promoter
Activators
99
this cuts out DNA from one organism
Restriction enzyme
100
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?
2
101
single stranded, ribose sugar, moves from nucleus to cytoplasm, contains uracil
RNA
102
Viruses, chemicals like mutagens and carcinogens, as well as UV/X-Ray light are known as what kind of mutations
induced mutations
103
Small, cytoplasmic circle of DNA
plasmid
104
Series of genes transcribed as 1 mRNA, will lead to the translation of multiple proteins (proteins are part of a single biochemical pathway)
Operon
105
What percent of DNA codes for proteins?
2-3%
106
All the proteins of an organism is called a
proteome
107
What step finishes initiation?
Large subunit binds to mRNA
108
Non-coding regions are called
introns
109
EUKARYOTES: chromosomes are
linear
110
Contains DNA from 2 or more "critters" (anything that's alive essentially:
rDNA = Recombinant DNA
111
Human insulin is made in:
bacteria
112
DNA ---> Transcription ---> RNA ---> Translation ---> Protein (amino acid)
This is known as the ____ ______ of biology
Central dogma = Theme/law
113
Name a GMO animal:
GFP knockout mice
114
this is double stranded, deoxyribose, stays in nucleus, contains thymine
DNA
115
DNA is:
Genetic material
116
How many amino acids are there?
20
117
Turning DNA into a protein is known as
Gene expression
118
In bacteria, promoter is blocked so RNA polymerase
Cant bind
119
Making a protein by the ribosomes is:
Translation
120
rDNA requires this to engineer DNA
enzymes
121
This REQUIRES template DNA, DNA polymerase, and Nucleotides for new strands
Polymerase Chain Reaction
122
Environmental changes to the DNA sequence is known as what kind of mutation
Induced Mutations
123
Amount of DNA doubles with each replication cycle
| -Separate, replicate, repeat
Polymerase Chain Reaction
124
This helps the mRNA dock on ribosome
5' cap
125
controlling which genes are transcribed; depends on environment and development
Transcriptional Regulation
126
Tryptophan binds repressor proteins which bind:
operator
127
The hepatitis B vaccine is a
GMO
128
Steps of DNA replication:
unwind and separate the 2 strands
Add new nucleotides to template strand
join nucleotides together to build new strand
129
This seals the strand of DNA
DNA ligase
130
Codons are found on what?
mRNA
131
Cytosine and Thymine (Uracil too in RNA) are purines or pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines
132
this removes introns and sews exons together
spliceosome
133
name the 3 functional sites of a ribosome:
E site
A site
P site
134
producing identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms
Cloning
135
In PROKARYOTES: large circular loop of DNA attached to a membrane
Chromosome
136
When a gene is expressed a _____ is made
protein
137
Mutations that decrease the expression of cancer:
Tumor suppressor genes (slow down cell cycle)
| MAJOR TSG: P53
138
This is the first amino acid in proteins (always)
Methionine
139
DNA is made of:
Nucleotides
140
Bt Corn and Round up ready herbicide do what?
keep GMO plants resistant to insects
141
1st tRNA moves to E-site, 2nd tRNA moved to P site, next tRNA binds to A site
Translation process
142
These code for proteins
Exons
143
tRNA:
transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes
144
What is a GFP
Green Florescent Proteins
145
New incoming tRNA's enter the ribosome at what site?
A-site
146
When each strand of original DNA is the template for a new strand. Each new DNA molecules has 1 old and 1 new strand
Semi-conservative replication
147
Non-Coding sequences in genomics are called
Transposons
148
when one nitrogenous base is changed to another base:
Point mutation
149
when we shock something like E Coli to open and accept a plasmid:
Electroporation
150
Small rings of bacterial DNA
Plasmid
151
What kind of bonds are there between codons and anti-codons?
Hydrogen bonds
152
RNA polymerase is an
enzyme
153
Transposons are also known as
Jumping Genes (ex of them are yellow and purple corn kernel-mixed colors on one kernel)
