Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Translocation (parts are moved around) is
A
not a big deal; still have same number of genes
2
Q
tumors that are cancerous and dangerous
A
Malignant
3
Q
Mitotic stage has which 2 stages?
A
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
4
Q
Proteins are made from a
A
DNA gene
5
Q
Homologs in center of spindle (independent assortment)
A
Metaphase I
6
Q
sister chromosomes are at the end of which stage?
A
S
7
Q
Checkpoints are
A
highly regulated; prevents skipping and premature cell division
8
Q
A diploid zygote happens because
A
haploid gametes fuse during fertilization
9
Q
Mitosis has how many stages?
A
5
10
Q
Name the 5 stages of mitosis in order
A
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
11
Q
Are animals diploid or haploid?
A
Diploid
12
Q
_____ control almost everything in a cell
A
Proteins
13
Q
Meiosis I stages are:
A
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Cytokinesis
14
Q
Chromosomes align at metaphase plate
A
Metaphase II
15
Q
This generates genetic variation:
A
Independent Assortment; happens during metaphase
16
Q
G2 is:
A
Gap 2; final prep for division
17
Q
Gametes are haploid or _:
A
n
18
Q
Stages 1-3 are also known as:
A
Interphase
19
Q
Many life forms have ___ copies of each chromosome
A
2
20
Q
Name the “phase” of mitosis:
Sister chromatids separate into new cells
–now called daughter chromosomes
A
Anaphase
21
Q
Chromosomes are visible at the end of which stage?
A
G2
22
Q
Name the “phase” of mitosis:
Chromosomes are forced to align in the middle of the cell (forced by the spindle)
A
Metaphase
23
Q
Offspring of F1 generation is known as
A
F2
24
Q
mistakes in anaphase I and II are known as
A
nondisjunction
25
malignant tumors can _____ which means they can move throughout the body
Metastasize
26
Parental generation is also known as
P generation
27
G1 is:
Gap 1; Growth
28
No programmed cell death is known as:
Apoptosis
29
trisomy:
3 chromosomes
30
one cell going through division is known as the
cell cycle
31
DNA gene ---> transcription ----> RNA -----> translation ---> protein
how it works
32
Cleavage furrow forms and 4 haploid cells form which are all genetically different
Telophase II
33
S is:
DNA synthesis
34
```
Name the "phase" of mitosis:
2 clusters of DNA
-Will become nuclei
-Will become diploid
Spindle disappears
```
Telophase
35
Sister chromatids separate in this meiosis stage; centromere dissolves
Anaphase II
36
when original tumor fragments travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system and cause new tumors to appear:
Metastasizing
37
Offspring of parental generation is also known as
F1
38
cell size increases in which stage?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
G1
39
All 4 cells become sperm:
Spermatogenesis
40
1 diploid cell divides into 4 haploid cells
meiosis
41
Some nerve and muscle cells stay in interphase, this is known as
G0
42
Division of the cytoplasm:
Cytokinesis
43
Name the "phase" of mitosis:
-Division of the cytoplasm
In animals: Cleavage furrow appears between daughter nuclei contractile ring of actin filaments ---> works like a drawstring
Cytokinesis
44
Protein or action of those proteins; observable traits
Phenotype
45
Is the development of cancer spontaneous or gradual?
Gradual
46
At the end of S, cells are now __n
4n, meaning there are 4 copies of each of them
47
Each cell now has one copy of the chromosome
Telophase I
48
Children always look like the parent for a given trait. Same phenotype (homozy D or homozy r)
True Breeding
49
When a tumor secretes VEGF molecule, it causes what to happen?
surrounding tissue to form new blood vessels. blood vessel now "feeds" the tumor
50
Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids in Meiosis I
Crossing-over
51
Aa genotype is
heterozygous
52
Production of sperm and egg cells by meiosis:
Gametogenesis
53
Non-specialized and immortal, have an uncontrolled cell cycle, form tumors, have abnormally shaped nuclei: are ______ cell characteristics
Cancer
54
division of DNA in nucleus, daughter chromosomes equally split into two daughter nuclei
Mitosis
55
The Cell splits during:
Cytokinesis
56
DNA splits during:
Mitosis
57
Varieties that different in only 1 trait
monohybrid cross
58
origins of cancer starts with a defect in
cellular communication
59
sexually combining gametes is called _____ in plants
cross
60
Homologs separate from diploid to haploid
Anaphase I
61
having 2 copies of a chromosome is known as a
diploid organism
62
Name the "phase" of mitosis:
| -DNA condenses, each chromosome becomes 2 sister chromatids attached at the centromere; spindle begins to assemble
Prophase
63
these promote the cell cycle, increase cell cycle/number, and if misregulated-can lead to cancer
Oncogens
64
These retain the ability to divide and go through the cell cycle
Stem cells
65
1 of 3 major cyto skeletal elements
Actin
66
When cell communication is disrupted
tumors develop
67
________ or interphase II is a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis, between meiosis I and meiosis II
Interkinesis
68
heredity, radiation sources, pesticides and herbicides, and viruses are
Mutations that cause cancer
69
She helped to develop polio vaccine, discover telomerase, and link HPV to cancer. Cells known as HeLa cells
Henrietta Lacks
70
cell division that makes cells have 1 copy of each chromosome
meiosis
71
phenotypes are produced by
metabolic pathways
1---> 2---> 3--->4---> Purple
Each arrow is an enzyme (protein)
72
Variation of a gene; same protein with slight differences, and a different sequence of nucleotides and amino acids
Allele
73
100-1000s of nucleotides make up a
gene
74
Spindle forms, homologs line up side by side in which meiosis I stage
Prophase I
75
Meiosis II stages:
```
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
```
76
When one allele dictates phenotype (A, B, C)
Dominant
77
Crossing over gives us
New combinations of alleles in gametes
78
M is:
Mitosis; DNA splits along with the cell
79
In which stage does the cell make proteins needed for division; cell grows to prep for M phase
G2
80
tumors that are non-harmful; doesn't spread
benign
81
these are the same length with centromeres in the same place and contain the same genes
Homologs
82
aa genotype is
homozygous recessive
83
Alleles of an organism that determine phenotype
Genotype
84
Homologous chromosomes separate into different cells (diploid--> haploid) during
Meiosis I
85
Duplication of a chromosome is
not serious
86
the cell cycle happens in how many stages?
4: G1, S, G2, M
87
abnormal growth of cells
tumor
88
Chromosomes condense AGAIN in this meiosis stage
Prophase II
89
Deletion in a chromosome leads to
some abnormalities
90
Missing or extra chromosomes are:
Meiosis mistakes
91
gene mutation can lead to:
cancer
92
thousands of genes make up a
chromosome
93
Monosomy:
1 chromosome
94
DNA is _____ into mRNA
transcribed
95
In which stage does DNA replication begin and end?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
S; DNA doubles and becomes a diploid cell
96
Stem cells:
Embryonic and adult
97
1 of 4 cells become an egg; other 3 disintegrate into polar bodies
Oogenesis
98
Change in diploid chromosome number
aneuploidy
99
where chromosomes are attached at a single point
Centromere
100
Genetic variation happens because of:
Meiosis
101
Sister chromatids split into different cells; 4 haploid cells produced
Meiosis II
102
Interphase consists of which stages
G1, S and G2
103
Parents are diploid, or 2_
2n
104
2 chromosomes of the same type
homologous chromosomes
105
trisomy is only viable on which chromosome
21
106
These are needed to evenly split the chromosomes into daughter cells
microtubules (spindle)
107
This stage results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Mitotic stage
108
Transitions between stages are also known as
Checkpoints
109
What are the 2 major stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitotic stage
110
______ alleles are masked by dominant alleles
recessive
111
DNA codes for a protein:
Gene
112
Proteins produce
Phenotypes
113
These inhibit the cell cycle and in inhibited can lead to cancer
Tumor suppressor genes
114
These adult ____ ____ transplants help a person recover from chemotherapy
stem cells
115
DNA genes/ allele combination (AA, Aa, aa)
Genotype
116
AA genotype is
homozygous dominant
117
segment of DNA that encodes protein
Gene
118
Cells grow larger, number of organelles double, and DNA is replicated before:
Each cell division
119
mRNA is _____ into proteins
translated
120
Inversion of a chromosome section is
ok, all genes are still present
121
Name the 2 stages of meiosis
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
122
Very long threads of DNA
chromosomes
