Exam 5 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Biogeographical evidence of evolution
A
Different critters in different places
2
Q
Any evolved trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment
A
adaptation
3
Q
When were dogs domesticated?
A
14,000 years ago
4
Q
2 extreme phenotypes become more common (favored over intermediate)
-Selective pressures in different habitats lead to 2 distinct phenotypes
-Diverse Habitats
EX: Snails (brown lives in forest; yellow lives in grassland)
A
Disruptive Selection
5
Q
Warbler finch has a beak that
A
is suited to feeding on insects– small, thin, and pointy
6
Q
Natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events that altered the way life developed and rocks were deposited; Repopulation was done by species of surrounding areas
A
Catastrophism
7
Q
recessive allele frequency in the H-W theory if equilibrium is:
A
q
8
Q
2 components of Biological Species Concept
A
Prezygotic mating and Postzygotic mating
9
Q
The frequency of D or d alleles will always be
A
less than 1
10
Q
1st to use comparative anatomy to develop classification system for animals
A
Cuvier
11
Q
Species occupy different habitats; never meet to mate
A
Habitat isolation
12
Q
This improves the fitness of a population
A
Natural Selection
13
Q
Structure is evidence of evolution from common ancestor
Ex: Gill pouches in all vertebrates at some point during development OR Whale fins and bat wings that contain same bone structure
A
Homologous Structures
14
Q
What is the main selective pressure?
A
Environment
15
Q
Black mussels in a pond occupy a rocky shoreline. Mutation in the population introduces a while mussel that occupies sandy shoreline. Over time, white mussel population doesn’t breed with black mussel population and evolves into a new species. This is an example of:
A
Sympatric Speciation
16
Q
Origin of a new species
A
Speciation
17
Q
True or False: Each finch species has a beak adapted to a particular way of life
A
True
18
Q
D alleles divided by # of total alleles:
A
Frequency
19
Q
3 forms of Natural Selection
A
Disruptive, Stabilizing, and Directional
20
Q
Species are distinguished based on TRAITS
A
Morphological species concept
21
Q
True or False: Both wild and domestic wolves continued to interbreed
A
False
22
Q
Extreme phenotype is favored (increases in frequency)
-Adapting to a changing environment
EX: antibiotic resistance in bacteria
A
Directional Selection
23
Q
True or False: Populations with limited variation are good
A
False
24
Q
True or False: All dogs are descended from the gray wolf
A
True
25
These are used to study, test, and measure microevolution
| -Measure frequency of each allele within a gene pool
Allele frequencies
26
Anatomical evidence of evolution
Embryological evidence--similar embryo levels on vertebrates
27
Selecting for a particular phenotype in a mate
Non-Random mating
28
Different calls of a frog represent which Species Concept?
Morphological Species Concept
29
When intermediate phenotypes become the most common over time. Ex: Human birth weight
Stabilizing Selection
30
The frequency of dominant and recessive alleles MUST equal
1
31
In terms of evolution, fitness means
Reproductive success
32
Came up with the idea: theres an ideal structure and function for every critter
Linnaeus
33
Different anatomy of the limbs related evolutionarily
Evolutionary Species Concept
34
Distinguishing species based on structural traits through the fossil record
Evolutionary Species Concept
35
In Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection, Members of a population have
heritable variations
36
He was the first biologist to propose evolution: more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms
Larmarck
37
p is dominant or recessive allele
Dominant
38
Increased survival and number of offspring is:
Fitness
39
Lamarcks giraffes did this to evolve:
Stretched their necks to reach upper leaves and the more they personally stretched the longer their necks got individually
40
A Change of allele frequencies within a population over time is known as
microevolution
41
Inhibits gene flow between species
Reproductive isolation
42
Darwins idea of how giraffes got long necks:
Neck length varied, long necks could reach the food and didn't die out so they continued to reproduce, and before long Natural selection took over and left giraffes with only long necks
43
Evolutionary changes within a population
- -No new species
- -Genotype and phenotype changes
Microevolution
44
Incompatible genitalia or floral structures is what kind of isolation
Mechanical Isolation
45
2 components of Mating in Bio Species Concept
Mechanical Isolation
| Gamete Isolation
46
Species can mate and reproduce viable offspring
Biological species concept
47
Giraffes once thought to be a single species but different DNA sequences have been found that now separate them:
Phylogenetic Species Concept
48
Critical traits for distinguishing species
Diagnostic traits
49
Members of a single species living in the same place at the same time
Population
50
All the E. Coli in your intestine is an example of a
population
51
dominant allele frequency in the H-W theory of equilibrium is:
p
52
Which scientist proposed Catastrophism as a way animals change over time?
Cuvier
53
Small protein that plays an important role in the electron transport chain within mitochondria of all cells
Cytochrome C
54
Changes in DNA sequence; extremely rare; sometimes new alleles are made
Genetic mutations
55
This causes necessary compromises but can't create a new species
Natural Selection
56
Study of gene diversity within a population over time (ex: differences in alleles and genotype)
Population genetics
57
Who had similar ideas to Darwin and published his findings one year later?
Alfred Russell Wallace
58
All alleles present in a population
Gene Pool
59
3 components of post-mating:
Zygote mortality
Hybrid Sterility
F2 Fitness
60
All alleles present within a population
Gene pool
61
Hybrid zygote not viable and dies
Hybrid Inviability/zygote mortality Mechanism
62
any evolved trait that helps an organism be suited to its environment
Adaptation
63
These contain same sets of bones organized in similar ways; modified extensively to meet various adaptive needs
Homologous Structures
64
Members of a population have heritable variations
More individuals are produced than the environment can support
Individuals vary in their reproductive success
Some individuals have adaptive characteristics
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
65
Darwin focused on which two species in the Galapogos
Finches and Tortoises
66
He provided evidence of "descent with modification"; suggested mechanisms -> environmental influences, migration, geographic isolation, and struggle for existence
Count Buffon
67
DNA base sequence differences:
When similar- suggests recent common descent
| When different- suggest more ancient common descent
68
- Catastrophe affects subset of population
- Allele frequencies change
- --Alleles can be lost
- Strong affect on small populations
- Can lead to bottleneck and founder effects
Genetic drift
69
True or False: Natural selection has no interference from humans
True
70
These usually done affect fitness
Mutations
71
______ is a change in the frequencies of alleles over generations
Evolution
72
This suggests new species evolve when a population of existing species move into a new habitat or has different diet that interferes with interbreeding
--MOST COMMON WAY A NEW SPECIES IS FORMED
Allopatric Speciation
73
How many species of Galapogos finches are there?
13
74
He was aboard the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836
Darwin
75
Ground dwelling finch has this kind of beak:
Heavy duty; suited to break large seeds
76
Sperm cant reach/fertilize egg is what kind of isolation?
Gamete Isolation
77
Prevent mating or limit the success of fertilization
Prezygotic mechanisms
78
He is the founder of paleontology
Cuvier
79
Evolution occurs to
Populations
80
Humans interfere and cause changes in a population is known as
Artificial selection
81
Darwin also believe that living forms could be descended from:
Extinct forms
82
Heritable variations are
functional, behavioral, physical and can be helpful or harmful or neutral
83
According to this person, each species had:
- An ideal structure and function
- A place in the scala naturae (sequential ladder of life)
Linnaeus
84
Adaptation of a population to its environment; REQUIRES genetic and phenotypic variation in population
- Differences affect reproduction
- Differences must be HERITABLE
Natural Selection
85
Does diversity exist within a population?
Yes
86
No physical barrier prevents mating between populations; new species can evolve from population of an existing species if a chromosome MUTATION in one population prevents interbreeding with another
Sympatric Speciation
87
Which is not a type of microevolution?
- Gene flow
- Genetic drift
- Genetic mutation
- All are examples of microevolution
All are examples of microevolution
88
Hypothesis that related forms of life evolved in 1 location and then spread to accessible regions
Biogeographical Distributions
89
To study microevolution, you must
measure allele frequency over time
90
True or False: Evolution always produces new species
False
91
Darwin observed that there were similar species in similar habitats leading him to believe
related species modified according to environment
| Ex: Tortoises neck and limb length dependent on whether food was on the ground or up higher
92
Hybrid zygote develops into a sterile adult (think MULES)
Hybrid Sterility
93
Cactus finch has a beak that is
longer, less curved and split tongue for probing cactus for seeds without getting poked in the eyes
94
p+q =
1
95
Courtship patterns are different (different songs, calls, pheromones, etc)
Behavioral isolation
96
If frequencies are stable:
No microevolution
97
Give an example of non-random mating
Peacocks are colorful, females then select a particular colorful male due to its fitness
98
How many alleles of each gene do you have in your skin? (diploid)
2
99
Can evolution happen on an individual level?
No. Only at a population level
100
Catastrophe can lead to
Bottleneck effect
- -a narrowing of the population
- next generation has less diversity
101
Both birds and insects have wings to fly is an example of this structure
Analogous Structures
102
Name a downside of Founder Effect:
inbreeding
103
He proposed the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Larmarck; know as Lamarckianism
104
True or False: Habitat destruction increases genetic diversity
False; no time to evolve
105
Provided evidence of descent based on Modification
Buffon
106
Prevents hybrid offspring from developing or breeding
Postzygotic mechanisms
107
Reproducing at different times of the year is what kind of isolation?
Temporal Isolation
108
This type of structure is evidence of evolution from a common ancestor as well
ex: Wings of penguins similar to wings of other birds but penguins don't fly OR human appendix still present even though we don't need it for a plant based diet
Vestigial Structures
109
Small subgroup of population starts a new population
Founder Effect
110
Darwin sailed on what ship?
HMS Beagle
111
True or False: Genetic Diversity is Good
True
112
The more amino acids in common between species, the more:
closely related
113
Darwins theory suggests competition for available resources exists because
there are more individuals produced than the environment can support, the strong survive
114
```
These are causes of what?:
Genetic Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift (inc bottleneck and founder effect)
Non-Random Mating
Natural Selection
```
Microevolution
115
3 components of Premating
Habitat isolation
Temporal (time) isolation
Mechanical Isolation
116
One genotype or phenotype has advantages which get passed on to offspring
Natural Selection
117
This person supported a hypothesis of common descent
Darwin
118
A species is the smallest set of interbreeding organisms that share a common ancestor
-Doesn't rely on morphological traits
Phylogenic Species Concept
119
the H-W theory equation:
p2+2pq+q2=1
120
Name the book Darwin published in 1859
On the Origin of Species
121
True or False: Domesticated wolves then separated from other wolves
True
122
Give an example of artificial selection:
Dog breeding; breeder chooses desirable traits and only those dogs breed
123
All living organisms:
- Use the same basic biochemical molecules
- Utilize the same DNA triplet code
- Utilize the same 20 amino acids in their proteins
Biochemical evidence of evolution
124
Rare alleles disappear and recessive phenotypes become common
Founder Effect
125
A common ancestor for 2 different groups of organisms; allows the evolution of organisms to be traced
Transitional fossils
126
Must do a dance CORRECTLY to mate
Behavioral isolation
127
q is dominant or recessive allele
recessive
128
He was the 1st to use comparative anatomy to develop classification system for animals
Cuvier
129
Proposed Catastrophism
Cuvier
130
Remains of past life: bones, trails, footprints, droppings
Fossils
131
Adaptations are products of:
Natural Selection
132
These don't affect exons; rarely change the codon meaning the amino acid stays the same
Genetic mutations
133
Founder of Paleontology
Cuvier
134
He was a French Naturalist:
Count Buffon
135
A city is built in a valley between two hillsides. As a result, the populations of either hillside rarely interbreed and over time, enough genetic differences accumulate so a new species is formed. This is an example of:
Allopatric Speciation
136
He cataloged 44 volumes of all known plants and animals
Count Buffon
137
Did Darwin travel the Northern or Southern hemisphere?
Southern
138
4 causes of microevolution
Genetic mutations; Gene flow; genetic drift; natural selection
139
Study of the range and distribution of critters
Biogeography
140
Evolution on a large scale
Macroevolution
141
Alleles from 1 population are moving to another population
- same species
- migration of breeders; pollen
- If constant, populations become very similar
- If rare, populations become different species
Gene Flow
142
Allele frequencies can be used to determine genotype frequencies when there is
equilibrium
143
Random chance event changes population
Genetic drift
144
1st biologist to propose evolution; More complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms
Lamarck
145
Variations of the same gene are
Alleles
146
T or F: Diverse environments help maintain genetic diversity
True
