Exam 2 Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
NEED TO KNOW FOR CAC:
A
Reduces electron carriers
Starts with Acetyl CoA
Produces some ATP
CO2 produced
2
Q
What is the goal of carbon fixation?
A
Long term stable covalent bonds in sugar
3
Q
Chlorophyll is attached to _____ proteins in the thylakoid membrane
A
Photosystem
4
Q
This part of a cell has it’s own DNA and ribosomes
A
Mitochondria
5
Q
Reduction is loss or gain?
A
Gain
6
Q
A specialized water channel is known as
A
an aquaporin
7
Q
What part of the cytoskeleton is needed for muscle contraction?
A
Actin
8
Q
True or false: a substrate must fit perfectly to active site to work
A
True
9
Q
These are hallow cylinders, strong and brittle, interact with motor proteins to move organelles, miotic spindle, and are assembled in the CENROSOME
A
Microtubules
10
Q
Diffusion and osmosis is known as
A
Passive Transport
11
Q
True or False: Oxidation and Reduction happen at different times.
A
False
12
Q
Thylakoids are suspended in a semi-fluid called:
A
Stroma
13
Q
Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes that energy to
A
electrons
14
Q
A plasma membrane is made of?
A
Phospholipids and PROTEINS
15
Q
Without oxygen, what happens to ETC?
A
It stops
16
Q
ATP, NADH, FADH2 are all made as energy is transferred from covalent bonds in
A
intermediates
17
Q
True or false: Water can diffuse both ways across the membrane but a solute cannot
A
True
18
Q
These make carbs from CO2 and H2O using solar energy
A
Chloroplasts
19
Q
What is the product of fermentation?
A
Acetic acid
20
Q
Materials that break enzymes (poisons)
A
Irreversible enzyme inhibition
21
Q
Chemical energy in photosystem electrons transferred to:
A
NADPH and ATP
22
Q
glucose (6 carbons) split into what?
A
2 Pyruvate 3-Carbon chains (G3P)
23
Q
What speeds up rate of enzymatic reactions?
A
A solute concentration and warm temps
24
Q
Normally there are ______ sodium ions inside than outside the cell
A
FEWER
25
The substrate and the inhibitor both bind at the active site
Competitive inhibition
26
_____ feed themselves from the sun
Autotrophs
27
the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is
Mechanical energy
28
Energy is captured in what kind of reaction:
Exergonic reactions (gives off energy)
29
Reactants are called:
Substrates
30
This protein builds a hole for specific molecules; involved in passive transport (moving from high to low concentration), has a hole right down the center
Channel protein
31
Proteins act as catalysts in:
Enzymes
32
When a phosphate breaks off from ATP what kind of reaction happens?
Hydrolysis/denegration reaction
33
This type of transport requires ATP, uses a protein pump, and has a HIGHER concentration of molecules inside, yet still bring more inside
Active Transport
34
Enzymes operation: enzymes lower the energy of activation; brings substrates closer together. Molecules do not react unless activated (energy added to begin reaction)
Energy of Activation
35
Controlling cellular contents (homeostasis), Chemical reactions (cell signaling), and interaction with other cells and environment are what? ___ ___ ___
Membrane protein Functions
36
What is similar to a lysosome and enclosed in digestive enzymes?
Peroxisome
37
There are more solutes outside the cell than inside in this solution
Hypertonic solutions
38
MHC is short for:
Major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins
39
Is osmosis facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion; water channels allow it to happen
40
True or False: A solute does not spread throughout a liquid
False; it DOES spread throughout a liquid
41
Whats the differences between passive and active transport?
Whether the process requires energy
42
Acetyl CoA enters mitochondrial matrix in?
Citric Acid Cycle
43
ATP drives what kind of reactions?
Endergonic reactions
44
A solution contains:
A solute and a solvent
45
Photosynthesis happens in a __ step process
2 step process
46
What can move across the plasma membrane freely is known as
passive transport
47
A hypertonic solution has:
MORE solutes than the cell
48
NADPH is made by the:
ETC
49
Cells need these to perceive an opioid
Membrane receptors
50
This type of transport needs ATP to work
Active transport
51
The inner membrane is folded to form this:
Cristae
52
Electrons pass from one molecule to another in this kind of reaction (one molecule accepts the electron given up by the other)
Oxidation-Reduction reaction
53
What cant cross the plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic (ions and water), large molecules [proteins and sugars],
54
Using a carrier protein to move molecules across the membrane is known as what?
Facilitated diffusion
55
What does the matrix fluid contain?
respiratory enzymes that breakdown carbs
56
These are membranous sacs larger than vesicles and store materials that occur in excess
Vacuoles
57
CO2 to C6 H12 O6= oxidation or reduction?
Reduction
58
Carbon dioxide is used in
Carbon Fixation
59
What molecules will move across membrane without a membrane protein to help it?
Gases like CO2 and O2
60
Is oxygen required during ETC and Chemiosmosis
Yes
61
Lost energy is:
Molecular motion
62
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change from one form to another is known as:
The first law of Thermodynamics
63
A solute will diffuse through a
plasma membrane
64
This is for items too big for protein transporters
Bulk transport
65
Breaking down long term high energy storage molecules to make usable ATP is what?
Cellular respiration
66
Chlorophyll absorbs red and ____ light
Blue
67
Water moves, not the solute in _____
Osmosis
68
This is a membrane bound vesicle (not in plants) produced by the Golgi body, contains powerful enzymes, its highly acidic.
Lysosomes
69
Cholera is an example of this protein malfunctioning
Enzymatic protein
70
Channels are involved in:
DIFFUSION
71
ATP and NADPH fuel _____ _____
Carbon Fixation
72
True or False: Plant cells have a central vacuole
True
73
Every time energy is transformed and transferred it loses:
a little bit of heat
74
What is the fluid inside a mitochondria called?
Matrix
75
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
76
How many steps is carbon fixation?
3
77
Where does glycolysis (splitting glucose) happen?
In the cytoplasm
78
True or False: Peroxisomes are present in plant AND animal cells
True
79
This protein will destroy tissues because they don't recognize it
Cell recognition proteins
80
NAPDH is REDUCED form of what?
NADP+
81
Solute is lower in solution than inside the cell is known as what kind of solution?
Hypotonic solution
82
Factors that affect enzyme activity:
Substrate concentration; temperature; pH
83
Secretion = vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
Exocytosis
84
In reversible enzyme inhibition, an inhibitor binds ___ and decreases the activity
Enzyme
85
When FAD is reduced it creates what?
FADH2
86
Cells surround external substances into a pouch (vesicle)
Endocytosis
87
Where does pyruvate oxidation/Prep Reaction happen
While moving from cytoplasm into mitochondria
88
What temps can destroy and denature enzymes?
Hot temps
89
What is the purpose of plasma membrane carbs?
Cell communication, lubrication(sugar makes a jelly and helps it move around), and protection
90
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a faulty chloride ____; and thick mucus collects in lungs, liver, and pancreas
Channel
91
These reactions RELEASE energy (products have less energy than reactants)
-Respiration (breakdown sugar to release energy)
Exergonic Reactions
92
ATP is non-polar or polar?
Polar (hydrophilic in cytoplasm)
93
Concentration of sodium is _____ outside the cell during active transport
Lower
94
Pepsin in functional in acidic or basic pH
acidic
95
Cell communication within or between cells is known as
Cell signaling
96
Respiration without oxygen is called:
Fermentation
97
Redox in Aerobic Respiration happens in what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
98
molecules required to activate enzyme
Enzyme Cofactors
99
In ETC, protons are pumped where?
Into the intermembrane space
100
A cell in a hypotonic solution will: Swell and gain water or shrink and lose water
Swell and gain water
101
The function of ______ is storage, turgor pressure
Vacuoles
102
Ina cell, exocytosis is used to:
Move out large items
103
Activity increases with substrate concentration
Substrate concentration
104
What is made using a high proton concentration during Chemiosmosis?
ATP
105
A cell in a hypotonic solution will
Swell and burst
106
How many ATPs does Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC make during RESPIRATION?
```
2-glycolysis
2-CAC
32-34 from ETC
--------------------------
36-38 ATPs
```
107
In a hypotonic solution, do plant vacuoles fill with water or lose water?
Fill with water
108
Feedback inhibition is a type of reversible _________
Enzyme inhibition
109
_____ : solute concentration is equal throughout the cell
Equilibrium
110
What temperatures create more effective collisions?
Warmer temps
111
Amount of energy available to do work:
Free energy
112
In Carbon fixation, CO2 is reduced to what?
G3P
113
When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy (entropy)
Second law of thermodynamics
114
In a sodium potassium pump are there more potassium ions inside or outside the cell?
Inside
115
Hyper means: Above or Below
Above
116
This digests large molecules (carbs, lipids, etc.) and recycles cellular resources
Lysosomes
117
This moves a solute from high to low concentrations
Diffusion
118
ADP + phosphate makes:
ATP
119
ingestion of a liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
pinocytosis
120
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle happen?
Mitochondria
121
In this protein, a sugar group is on the outside; allows cells to recognize each other vs any foreign invading cells
Cell recognition proteins
122
Tay Sachs is an example of what?
Lysosomal storage disease
123
Trypsin is functional in acidic or basic pH
Basic
124
How many membranes does a mitochondria have?
2
125
Is oxygen required in glycolysis?
No
126
_ _ _ has high free energy
ATP
127
Step 3: RuBP regeneration: RuBP used in CO2 fixation must be replaced:
5 G3P rearranged into 3 RuBP (requires ATP)
128
True or False: Macromolecules and charged molecules and ions can move freely across the plasma membrane
False
129
There is more water OUTSIDE the cell in this type of solution
Hypotonic solution
130
Name the 3 steps in cell signaling
1) receptor binds signal
2) biochemical relay
3) Behavior change
131
A hypotonic solution has: Fewer solutes than the cell or More solutes than the cell?
Fewer solutes than the cell
132
In a carbon fixation, metabolic pathways produce:
sugars
133
Gaining an electron and energy:
Reduction
134
Is light required to reduce CO2 to G3P?
No
135
Where does Carbon Fixation occur?
In the stroma
136
CO2 added to RuBP by Rubisco turns it into G3P. What is Rubisco?
CO2-----Rubisco, ATP, NADPH------>G3P
An enzyme
137
Where is the green photosynthetic pigment found?
In the inner membranes
138
Solute is HIGHER outside than inside the cell; cells shrink; water leaves the cell
Hypertonic solutions
139
Solar energy is passed to photosystem electrons and then transformed into:
Chemical energy
140
Osmosis is the movement of:
Water
141
Animal cells may ____ if theres too much water
lyse (rupture)
142
Photosystem one does what?
Recharges electrons (Without PS1, no NADPH)
143
Animal cells places in ____ solutions don't gain or lose water
Isotonic q
144
What is NOT found in a plant cell?
Lysosomes
145
Hypo means: Above or Below
Below
146
Advantages of Fermentation:
Quick burst of energy, ATP per glucose, removes excess pyruvate and recycles it
147
potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances
Chemical energy
148
ATPase is a proton channel that makes
ATP
149
How many electrons and H+ ions does FAD accept when it turns into FADH2
two electrons and two H+ ions
150
Photosystem two does what?
Splits water (oxidizes h2o to O2)
151
This produces most of the ATP in a cell
Mitochondria
152
Redox reactions to store solar energy as electrons in glucose is known as:
Photosynthesis
153
Electron Transport chain creates high:
Proton concentration
154
What is not related to the rest: Thylakoid, stroma, matrix, chlorophyll?
Matrix
155
Ability to do work or make a change
Energy
156
ATP Generation/Oxidative Phosphorylation happens where?
Inside mitochondria
157
In prep step, pyruvate is oxidized to what?
Acetyl CoA
158
O2 is reduced to:
H2O--the final electron acceptor
159
Channel proteins, carrier proteins, cell recognition proteins, enzymatic proteins, junction proteins, and receptor proteins are all forms of
membrane proteins
160
These proteins bind onto signals, and are a specific shape so only a particular molecule will fit with it. (ex: neurotransmitters and drugs)
Receptor proteins
161
Without oxygen, There is no NAD+ available for:
Glycolysis
162
Name the 4 steps of cell resp
glycolysis; pyruvate oxidation; Citric Acid Cycle; Oxidate phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)
163
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are involved in what kind of transport?
Passive transport
164
Fermentation is a variation of
Glycolysis
165
What are glycolipids?
Sugars on lipids (Golgi apparatus)
166
A tight _____ joins cells
junction
167
Cells may swell and burst in what type of solution?
Hypotonic Solution
168
Step 2: CO2 Reduction (3PG reduced to BPG; reduced BPG into G3P)
3PG---->RED: BPG----->RED: G3P
| Uses NAPH and ATP from light reactions to reduce
169
The inhibitor binds elsewhere on protein (another allosteric site)
Non-Competitive Inhibition
170
Name other molecules G3P can be converted into:
fats/oils, Amino acids, Various sugars
171
Stored energy is known as
Potential energy
172
These produce all food:
Photosynthesizers
173
If a cell is NOT at equilibrium, then it's at unequal amounts which means it has a:
concentration gradient
174
These bind specific signals
cell receptors
175
A solvent is a: Solid, liquid, or gas
Liquid
176
What happens after cell receptors bind?
a biochemical relay that changes cell behavior
177
Are NADPH and ATP long term or short term Energy storage?
Short term
178
Mitochondria are involved in this (uses oxygen to breakdown sugar)
Cellular respiration
179
A solute equal on both sides of a membrane is what kind of solution?
Isotonic solution
180
In a _____ reaction, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes energy to electrons. Energized electrons used to make ATP and NADPH (high energy molecules)
Light reaction
181
FADH2, NADH both transfer energy and electrons to proteins of ETC, therefore
ETC makes high concentration of protons
182
A hypertonic solution: has fewer solutes than the cell, or has more solutes than the cell
Has more solutes than the cell
183
These pain relievers cant cross the plasma membrane due to their polarity
Opioids
184
Photosynthesis stores energy as:
Carbs (sugars)
185
How much ATP and NADH go we get in glycolysis?
a little
186
Disadvantages of Fermentation:
biproducts lactate and alcohol are toxic
187
Loss of an electron in a molecule
Oxidation
188
This type of diffusion uses channels and carrier proteins; no extra energy needed
Facilitated diffusion
189
Are mitochondria smaller or larger than chloroplasts?
Smaller
190
NAPD+ is OXIDIZED form of what?
NAPDH
191
Osmosis is what kind of transport?
Passive
192
_______ is very thin and flexible, moves materials around, important for muscle contraction and cell division. (ex: mitochondria move about cells on these)
Actin Filaments
193
This is like pinocytosis by uses receptor proteins
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
194
_____ are organisms that eat other organisms:
Heterotrophs
195
Carefully pulling energy off carbon skeletons happens where?
In the citric Acid cycle
196
Lost energy is:
heat
197
What brings in big items?
Bulk transport
198
These proteins are in the intestinal cells; single layer of cells separates body from microbes
Junction Proteins
199
True or false: each enzyme accelerates a specific reaction
True
200
What are the 4 components to the plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins embedded
Cholesterol (to stabilize the membrane)
Carbs (sugars)
201
A hypotonic solution has:
Less solutes than the cell
202
Water will move in through diffusion from high concentration to low concentration in this solution
Hypotonic solution
203
_____ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Diffusion
204
What are the 2 steps involved in glycolysis?
1) Energy investment (add 2 ATP to activate glucose); 2) Energy Harvesting: g3p oxidized to pyruvate, 2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH; 4 ATP produced
205
Name the three types of cytoskeletons
Actin Filaments; Intermediate filaments; Microtubules
206
Substrates bind at active sites, shape change force substrates together initiating a bond.
Degradation: 1 substrate molecule = 2 product molecules
Synthesis: 2 substrate molecule = 1 product molecule
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
207
These have rope-like assembly, flexible and strong, important to hold cells together under physical shear stress and support the nuclear envelope
Intermediate filaments
208
Prevents wasteful use of resources
Feedback Inhibition
209
Photosystem to ETC to NADP+ is a series of:
Redox reactions
210
Internal pressure of a plant cell is called_____
turgor pressure
211
These begins with a particular reactant through several intermediates, and ends with an end product
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
212
ATP breakdown release energy; energy is transferred to do work in:
Exergonic reactions
213
This transforms solar energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
214
Moving molecules from low to high concentrations is known as
Active transport
215
Final product of photosynthesis is:
G3P
216
There are ___ types of membrane proteins
6
217
True or False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
218
Step one:CO2 attaches to 5 carbon molecule RuBP and makes 3PG
CO2 + RuBP ----Rubisco----> 3PG
219
The Electron/Energy Transport Chain is a series of proteins that transport and transfer
Energy and Electrons
220
This protein binds and moves specific molecules across membrane; involved in active and passive transport (high to low concentration, and low to high concentration)
Carrier proteins
221
All reactions in a cell or body is known as:
Metabolism
222
Series of redox reactions to release energy:
Cellular respiration
223
Each ______ has a specific amount of free energy
molecule
224
Products are formed and reactants start a reaction in:
Metabolism
225
ETC and Chemiosmosis make a LOT of
ATP
226
A-->B-->C-->D-->E-->F-->G
A= initial reactant
G=product
Arrows = enzymes
B-F are intermediates
227
This is important in lipid metabolism, and NOT part of the endomembrane system. A reaction it produces is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (toxic)
Peroxisome
228
What is the ATP net gain in Glycolysis?
2 ATP
229
CO2 is produced in CAC as ____ bonds are broken
Covalent
230
Is O2 more concentrated in the lungs or the blood?
Lungs
231
What two things are required for ETC and Chemiosmosis?
NADH and FADH2
232
C6 H12 O 6 ---> CO2
| oxidized or reduction
Oxidation
233
The final product in pathway inhibits:
The first enzyme
-G will inhibit E1
A---B---C---D---E---F---G
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
234
NAD+ accepts two electrons and 1 H+ when:
Reduced
235
Is Carbon Fixation an endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Endergonic reaction
236
H2O to O2 is oxidation or reduction?
Oxidation
237
In photosynthesis, CO2 is:
Reduced to G3P
238
What are glycoproteins?
Sugars on proteins
239
Where is the site of Cell. Resp?
Mitochondria
240
For a sodium potassium pump, are there more sodium ions inside or outside of the cell?
Outside
241
O2 ----> H2O
| oxidation or reduction
Reduction
242
Adding energy is what kind of reaction (requires an input)?
Endergonic reaction
243
_______ serve as the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
244
True or False: enzymes are optimized for a certain pH
True
245
Oxidation is loss or gain?
Loss
246
How is energy and electrons used in the ETC
Some energy is used to pump protons inside thylakoids, protein concentration fuels ATPase, some energy used to reduce NAD+ to NADPH
247
Which is not part of the endomembrane system?
Peroxisome
248
This protein catalyzes a specific reaction; pumps for active transport.
Enzymatic protein
249
what three things can move across a plasma membrane freely?
Gases, water, and non-polar molecules (lipids, and steroid hormones)
250
When thylakoids are stacked they form:
Grana
251
These reactions Requires energy input:
| -photosynthesis (saving energy in sugar)
Endergonic reactions
252
-Requires CO2 into sugars; Requires chlorophyll to transform solar energy (green pigment); CO2 and H2O and solar energy = Sugar and O2
Photosynthesis
253
This assists in movement of cell and organelles. assembles and disassembles as needed
Cytoskeleton
254
In this protein, it physically interacts with molecule
carrier proteins
255
What is required for cellular respiration?
Oxygen
256
What is the Reactant in Cell resp?
Glucose
257
What organelle is responsible for turgor pressure?
Vacuole
258
A solute is a: dissolved substance, undissolved substance
dissolved substance
259
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
3: Outer, inner, thylakoid
260
Cell shape is determined by the
Cytoskeleton
261
True or False: All plants have mitochondria
True
262
True or False: Each reaction in a pathway doesn't require a unique and specific enzyme
False
263
Means cell-eating; "Eats" large, solid materials like starch, oils, bacteria, and viruses
Phagocytosis
264
Chloroplasts inner membranes form:
disc like thylakoids
265
Active transport move protons from ___ to ___ concentration
Low to High
266
What is not associated with mitochondria: Cristae, Thylakoid, matrix, or outermembrane
Thylakoid
267
In a hydrolysis reaction, ATP changes to:
ADP
268
Activation by cofactor helps bind______ to active sites
Substrate
269
True or false: G3P is the building block for various molecules
True
