Exam 1 (CH. 1-8) Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
5 things all cells have
A
cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall
2
Q
Virus
A
Acellular, parasitic particles, composed of a nucleic acid, proteins, and a capsid
2
Q
Prokaryote
A
Microscopic, unicellular organism, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Includes bacteria and archaea
3
Q
Eukaryote
A
Unicellular and multicellular, has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Includes major cell types, animal cells, plant cells, fungi, protozoa and protists.
4
Q
Parasite
A
Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.
5
Q
Pathogens
A
Microorganisms that can cause disease or infections.
6
Q
Medical micro, public health micro, epidemiology
A
How microbes effect humans and monitor and control disease spread.
7
Q
Biotechnology
A
Microbes used for products; natural ability
8
Q
Genetic engineering
A
Microbes used for products; altered or enhanced ability
9
Q
Industrial micro
A
Microbes used for products; large quantities
10
Q
Immunology
A
Protective substances, reactions caused by microbes, blood testing, vaccines, allergy testing
11
Q
Ag micro
A
Connection between microbes and domesticated plants and animals, impacts on food supply, and human disease due to interaction
12
Q
Food micro
A
Study the impact of microbes on food supply, ensure adequate food supply
13
Q
Leeuwenhoek
A
Made first microscope, saw animal like molecules which turned out to be microbes. Used his own teeth plaque
14
Q
Jenner
A
Developed the first vaccine (smallpox). Noticed that milkmaids got cowpox which is a mild form of smallpox. He gave a boy cowpox then inoculated him to smallpox and had an immune response. Didn’t understand the mechanism. Replicated study. Write a paper with the term vaccination.
15
Q
Holmes
A
Observed women who give birth at home had fewer infections than those in the hospital
16
Q
Semmelweis
A
Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward. childbed fever.
17
Q
Lister
A
Introduced aseptic or sterile techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infection. Chemicals used on hands to disinfect before surgeries, used heat for sterilization, disproved miasma
18
Q
Tyndall and Cohn
A
Demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes, determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial endospores
19
Q
Pasteur (and Koch)
A
Germ Theory of Disease. Microbial diseases are not caused by sin, bad character, or poverty. Microbes causing fermentation and spoilage. Disproved spontaneous generation or microorganisms, developed pasteurization, demonstrate what is now germ theory of disease. Father of Micro. Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines
20
Q
Von Linné
A
Created taxonomy, the organizing, classification, and naming of living things
21
Q
Taxonomy
A
The organizing, classifying, and naming living things and the formal system originated by Von Linne
22
Q
Nomenclature
A
Assigning of names
23
Q
Define sterility
A
A process in which after it’s completed there is no microbe or spore of any kind whatsoever on the surface of the object
24
What major reactions do microbes do
Photosynthesis and decomposition
25
Who disproved spontaneous generation and why is that important?
Louis Pasteur. Because only living things can come from living things and not from sin, bad character, poverty, etc.
26
Two types of phylogenetic trees and which is more accurate
Whittaker and Woese-Fox. Woese-Fox because is has 3 domains and is not linear, more of a v shape
27
What microbiology deals with food supply
Ag and Food
28
Major microbe groups
bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths
29
Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class
True
30
Levels in Taxonomy (in order)
Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup)
31
Which group has fewest microscopic organisms?
Bacteria, Viruses, Archaea, Plants, Protozoans
Plants
32
You are not clear when you look at a sample if there are two adjoined dots or one, you need more
Resolution
33
Which do you actually see in the microscope?
Virtual image
34
What scope should you use for and why: Live, 10,000X
Not possible. Can't get that close up with an ocular microscope and all electron microscopes can't view living organisms
35
What scope should you use for and why: 1,500X, want to fluorescently tag chloroplast organelles
Fluorescence microscope because you want to color the parts of the cell.
36
What scope should you use for and why: Dead, 50,000X, want to examine the inner folds of a mitochondrion.
TEM because it goes through the cell to see the innerfolds
37
What scope should you use for and why: Live, colorless, want to visualize the organism at ~1,000X
Phase-contrast because you can see through the cell.
38
CHROMagar contains several dyes and is used to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections. The patient’s sample is inoculated and based on the color of the colonies you can identify the pathogen. CHROMagar is best described as:
Differential
39
In your own words, explain why Gram staining is differential and not selective.
Gram staining is differential and not selective because you are differentiating between positive and negative with either purple for positive and red for negative.
40
We often use oil immersion in microbiology, why? Include why oil would be used, and why we need to magnify at this level in microbiology.
Because the organisms are so small.
Oil immersion is used often because when an organism is too small to see in the 4 and 10x view, you need to move to the 100x view and doing so, the light will not shine through the microscope clearly and bounce through the air, and the oil will help funnel the light though the microscope.
41
7. There are two major lenses in a standard light microscope, what are they, and how do you use them to calculate total magnification.
There’s the ocular lens and the objective lens. The ocular lens is in the eye piece and the objective lenses are on the nose piece and all three have a different magnification. You calculate the total magnification by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power to get the total magnification.
42
What are the 6 I’s I the 6I system and what is the ultimate goal?
Inoculation – To introduce a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth
Incubation – To promote multiplication and produce the actual culture.
Isolation – To make additional cultures from single colonies to ensure they are pure
Inspection – To analyze initial characteristics of microbes in samples. Stains may be used.
Information gathering – To provide specific data and generate an overall profile of the microbes
Identification – Lays the groundwork for further research into the nature and roles of the microbes
43
If a stain attaches to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, what type of dye and staining is this?
Basic dye and positive stain.
44
What is media and why is it used? What is Agar?
Media is a nutrient used to grow organisms outside of their natural habitats. Agar is a type of media made from seaweed or algae that is a solid.
45
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Liquid
Broth media. Does not solidify.
46
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Semi-solid
Will contain a solidifying agent.
47
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Solid
Has a firm surface for colony formation
48
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Synthetic
Contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula
49
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Complex
Contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable
50
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: General purpose
Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic
51
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Enriched
Contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes
52
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Selective
Contains agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of others
53
Describe the media types with any key details to remember them: Differential
Allows growth of different microbes and displays visible differences among them
54
There are three major types of isolation techniques presented
Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate
55
Describe how a streak plate works
Spread the sample in long thin lines over the surface on a solid media slowly diluting the sample
56
Describe how a pour plate works
Taking a loop from sample 1 to sample 2 then a loop from sample 2 into sample 3 to dilute out the sample and isolate the microbe.
57
Describe how a spread plate works - Aeryn if you see this, feel free to edit it if it's wrong or doesn't make sense. Or add cards for that matter too :)
The microbe solution is in water and it is diluted over a water gradient and then pipetted onto the surface of a plate then spread out over the top.
58
What are the different types of microscopes?
Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning confocal, transmission electron, scanning electron
59
What is this microscope used for : Bright field
Live, preserved, and stained specimen
60
What is this microscope used for : Dark field
Live and unstained specimen
61
What is this microscope used for : Phase contrast
Unstained living cells to see intracellular structures
62
What is this microscope used for : Fluorescence
Detecting certain cells, diagnoses, or if you are looking for a specific cell or structure
63
What is this microscope used for : Scanning Confocal
To focus on multiple depths, plains, and to make a 3D image
64
What is this microscope used for : Transmission Electron (TEM)
To look through a sample using electrons, and to see the more or less dense parts of the cell
65
What is this microscope used for : Scanning Electron (SEM)
To build a 3D map or view of a cell. Cells can be larger and thicker using this microscope.
66
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Acidic dye
Negatively charged chromophore
67
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Negative stain
The microbe repels the dye and stains the background.
68
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Simple stain
One dye is used and reveals shape, size, and arrangement
69
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Differential stain
Uses a primary stain then a counter stain to differentiate cell types or parts such as gram stains, acid-fast, and endospore
70
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Structural Stain
Reveals certain cell parts like capsule stains and flagellar stain
71
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Positive staining
Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes
72
What gets stained and possible examples of said stain: Basic dye
Positively charged chromophore
73
What category of stains do each of these fall into?
White microbes, purple background
Acid-Fast
Flagellar stain
Endospore stain
Negative stain
Differential stain
Structural stain
Differential stain
74
Which of the following best describes the action of the prokaryotic flagellum
Rotates to move the cell
75
What signals may guide the bacteria to or away from an area and what is/are the process(es) called?
Chemotaxis and phototaxis. Positive is towards the stimuli and negative is away from the stimuli. Counterclockwise motion is a run and clockwise is a tumble because it tumbles around whereas counterclockwise is a more linear motion like a run
76
What are the core major differences between Gram + and Gram – cell walls? List multiple
Gram + = Super thick peptidoglycan, possibly no periplasmic space, has wall and lipo teichoic acids
Gram - = Super thin peptidoglycan, always has periplasmic space, has lipopolysaccharides and porin network, is like a sandwich
77
A structure that stores things
Inclusion and granules
78
A structure that makes proteins
Ribosomes
79
A resting cell that can survive environmental extremes
Endospores
80
Round bacterial cells growing in irregular clusters would be best described as:
Staphylococci
81
What would you call pairs of rod shaped cells?
Diplobacilli
82
Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
False
83
Organisms in Domain Archaea are often characterized by their ability to
live in extremes.
84
Cell membrane
Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Controls what goes in and out
85
Cytoplasm
Serves as a solvent for materials used in cell function. Life-sustaining reactions. Supports structures in dense gel
86
Nucleoid
Holds genetic material
87
Cell wall - G+
Structure, stability, prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure
88
Glycocalyx - Capsule and Slime
Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss. Smooth and relatively even
89
Flagellum
Move or rotate the cell
90
Characteristics of a cell
reproduction, hereditary and dna, growth and development, metabolism and enzymes, transport, responsiveness
91
-trichous
hair like structures
92
lopho
bunches emerging from same site
93
amphi
both sides
94
peri
perimeter
95
Germination
return to vegetative growth
96
coccus
sphereical
97
bacillus
rod
98
coccobacillus
round rod. short and plump
99
What is one key shared feature of fimbriae, pili and the glycocalyx? How are they different?
They all cover the outside of a cell. They differ because fimbriae is used to attach to surfaces, pili is to attach to other cells, and Glycocalyx is a coating on a cell. Also, fimbriae and pili are appendages
100
How are chromosomes and plasmids different?
They are different because plasmids self-replicate naturally, while chromosomes replicate with the genome
101
In what types of organisms do we find chromosomes?
Chromosomes are mostly found in eukaryotes. Mostly plants and animal cells.
102
In what types of organisms do we find plasmids?
Plasmids are found in prokaryotes, specifically bacteria. And in some eukaryotes.
103
How do bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?
Eukaryotes have a 60S and 40S subunit whereas prokaryotes have 30S and 40S subunits.
104
What is an endospore and how are they useful.
Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera.
They are useful because they can be dormant for millions of years and then become active again?
105
Cell arrangement is determined by _________________ and ____________________.
Pattern of division and how cells remain attached after division
106
How do the actinobacteria and the firmicutes differ?
actinobacteria: mainly gram positive with high GC content
firmicutes: mainly Gram positive with low GC content
107
What process do the cyanobacteria and the green/purple sulfur bacteria have in common? What’s different about how they do this process?
Both do photosynthesis.
Cyano- Gas inclusions
Sulfur- No oxygen production
108
What does it mean for bacteria to be gliding? Fruiting?
1. Gliding is travelling in low water content
2. Fruiting is the organized movement of vegetative cells.
109
What is special about rickettsias and chlamydias? What do they each cause?
1. Both are intracellular parasites.
2. Both cause dangerous disease. R is Rocky mountain spotted fever and C is STD and pneumonia
110
How do Archaea differ from bacteria and euks? Which are they more similar to in your opinion?
1. It differs because they live in very extreme habitats with lots of stressors.
2. They are more similar to euks.
111
What part of aerobic respiration releases CO2?
A. Transition Step aka Linking Step
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport System
D. Chemiosmosis
A,B
112
Where is the ETC in bacteria and where is it in eukaryotes (answers may differ between organism types)?
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. Cell Envelope
D. Mitochondria
B: Bacteria, D: Eukaryotes
113
The main job of chloroplast pigments during photosynthesis is to
A. capture photons of light
B. absorb carbon dioxide
C. fix carbon dioxide into large organic molecules
D. produce ATP
A
114
Where do light reactions occur in eukaryotic algae compared to prokaryotic cyanobacteria?
A. Both occur in chloroplasts
B. Both occur in the thylakoid membranes
C. Both occur in the cytoplasm
D. These cells are not photosynthetic
B
115
Shared processes or anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Both go through glycolysis
Use NADH/FADH2
Kreb's Cylcle
Respiratory Chain
116
One Key difference between anaerobic and aerobic
oxygen
117
Glycolysis is often considered the universal process of life or one of the most ancient reactions. How does correspond to what you observed in the lecture? Organism types? Location of reactions? Reactants/Products?
All three metabolic strategies start with glycolysis. It occurs in the cytoplasm for both prok and euk. glycolysis produces pyruvate (used to make ATP). It is used in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
118
similarities between fermentation and anaerobic respiration
glycolysis, no oxygen, both produce NADH and CO2
119
Differences between fermentaiton and anaerobic respiration
both are a kind of anaerobic respiration
end products are different
fermentation doesn't use the Kreb's cycle
anaerobic uses ions
120
Does every cell have the same byproducts from fermentation, if yes, what is it? If not, what are some examples?
No, since there are many byproducts of fermentation including lactic acid, gas, ethyl alcohol, and more by the action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid.
121
Why is the name light dependent a good one, but dark reactions not a particularly good one?
Light-dependent is a good name since it is dependent on light however dark reaction is misleading since they still rely on the light-dependent reaction and their products to go to completion.
122
What are the key steps in Aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
Linking step
Krebs cycle (TCA)
Electron transport chain
123
In aerobic respiration what happens in glycolysis
glucose is oxidized, pyruvate is made along with NADH and ATP
this occurs in the cytoplasm in both prok and euk
124
What happens in the linking step (aerobic)
pyruvate is oxidized, get acetyl CoA, Co2, NADH
Prok: cytoplasm, Euk: the mitochondrial matrix
125
What happens in the Krebs cycle (aerobic)
In: acetyl CoA that is oxidized
out: CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
prok: cytoplasm, Euk: mitochondrial matrix
126
What happens in the ETC
e- carriers pass through proteins, with O2 as the final e- acceptor
out: ATP (NAD+, FAD, H2O, protons)
Prok: cell membrane, Euk: inner mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
127
what are the electron carriers?
and why are they used?
NADH, FADH2
they are used to drop off the e- in the ETC to make ATP
128
What are the three ATP syntheses?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
129
describe substrate-level phosphorylation
it is the transfer of the phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP
No gradient is powering the coupling. enzymes facilitate binding
130
describe Oxidative phosphorylation
Series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway
131
describe photophosphorylation
in photosynthetic organisms, use sunlight to couple ADP and inorganic phosphates
132
Describe the process of Anaerobic respiration (more help see chart on slide 49)
functions like aerobic except it utilize oxygen-containing ions and not O2 as the final e- acceptor
makes Nitrate, Nitrite, sulfate, carbonate, and not water
133
Describe the process of Fermentation (more help see chart on slide 49)
is an anaerobic process
goes through glycolysis and produces CO2 and NADH, then through fermentation, it produces alcohols, lactic acid, ethanol, and gases.
The NADH produced in glycolysis will feed into fermentation as well
134
Cyanobacteria Characteristics
are proks, have a thylakoid membrane in the cytoplasm, thylakoids are like a series of rings, have no chloroplasts (not membrane-bound), oxygenic photosynthesis
135
Green Algae characteristics
euks, thylakoid is found in chloroplasts, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, thylakoid is in clumps or clusters of strands in the chloroplast.
136
A light-dependent reaction can be described as...
photons that are absorbed by chlorophyll, and other pigments
water split releases O2 gas and provides e- to drive photophosphorylation
Releases light energy to synthesize ATP
137
A light-independent (dark) reaction can be described as....
Using the products made in light-dependent to produce glucose and CO2
138
What are the stages of the Calvin Cycle
Carbon fixation
Reduction and synthesis
RuBP regeneration
