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Micro > Quiz 4 (CH 11,12) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (CH 11,12) Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Microbial control

A

Methods to destroy or reduce undesirable microbes

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2
Q

Sterilization is…

A

The process to destroy all viable microbe

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3
Q

Microbicidal is…

A

Antimicrobial agent aimed at destroying a certain group of microorganisms

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4
Q

Disinfectants…

A

Use of a physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not endospores
Examples: Bleach, Lisol

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5
Q

Antiseptics…

A

Application of chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Examples: Alcohols, iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide

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6
Q

Microbistasis…

A

Antimicrobial agent aimed at temporarily prevent microbes from multiplying

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7
Q

Sanitation…

A

Any cleansing technique that removes microorganisms from inanimate (nonliving) surface to reduce the potential for infection and spoilage

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8
Q

Degermation…

A

Reduction of microbial load from animate/living surfaces by mechanical means

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9
Q

Highest resistance to low resistance (Microbes in moist heat)

A

Bacterial endospores, Normal bacteria, Vegetative bacterial cells

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10
Q

Antimicrobial Agents’ modes of action

A

Cell wall - cell lysis (drugs, detergents, alcohol)
Cell Membrane - loses integrity (surfactants)
Protein/Nucleic Acid - prevents replication, transcription, translation, peptide bond formation, and protein synthesis (radiation, formaldehyde)
Protein - Disrupt or denature proteins (alcohol, phenols, acids, heat)

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11
Q

Physical methods of control

A

Heat (moist and dry), cold temps, desiccation (drying out), radiation, filtration

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12
Q

Moist heat

A

Sterilization w/ steam under pressure. Higher temps and shorter exposure times. Denature and coagulates proteins, halts metabolism. Autoclave

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13
Q

Dry heat

A

High heat. Dehydration, alters protein structures. Incinerator

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14
Q

Thermal death time (TDT)

A

Shortest length of time to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature.
Looking for time

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15
Q

Thermal death point (TDP)

A

Lowest temperature to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes.
Looking for temperature

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16
Q

Tyndallization

A

Moist heat
Non-pressurized Steam
Steam heat just below boiling (100C), hold it for 15-30 minutes, repeat for 3 days with incubations between.
Allows us to grow cells from endospores, then kill the cells
Used for some canned foods and laboratory media

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17
Q

Boiling Water: Disinfection

A

Moist heat
Boiling at 100°C for 30 minutes to destroy non-spore-forming pathogens

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18
Q

Pasteurization

A

Moist heat
Heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value
Flash method: 71.6°C, 15 sec
Not sterilization – kills non-spore-forming pathogens and lowers overall microbe count

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19
Q

Incineration

A

Dry heat
flame, electric heating coil, infrared incinerators
Ignites and reduces microbes and other substances
Very common practice in the microbiology lab

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20
Q

Ovens

A

Dry heat
Heated, circulated air (150C-180oC, 12min-4h)
Coagulate proteins
Reduce microbial load

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21
Q

The effects of cold on microbes

A

Microbiostatic – slows the growth of microbes
Refrigeration 0–15oC and freezing < 0oC
Used to preserve food, media, and cultures

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22
Q

The effects of desiccation on microbes

A

Gradual removal of water from cells, leads to metabolic inhibition
Not effective microbial control – many cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced
Lyophilization – freeze drying; preservation (Astronaut food)

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23
Q

Radiation is… Why is radiation used instead of heat sometimes?

A

Energy emitted as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles. Both are bactericidal and sporicidal.
For things that have a low heat threshold.

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24
Q

Ionizing radiation is…

A

Deep penetrating power sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit
Gamma rays, X rays, cathode rays
Breaks DNA
More extreme. Break or shear DNA

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25
Nonionizing radiation is...
Little penetrating power UV light creates pyrimidine dimers Interferes with replication Forms abnormal bonds in DNA
26
Filtration is...
Physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter
27
Levels of chemical decontamination
High level germicides - kills endospores, may sterilize things Intermediate - kills fungal spores, bacillus, and virues Low - Vegetative cells and some viruses
28
Halogens. Examples?
Can be sporicidal, only for prolonged exposure. Denature proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds Intermediate Level Chlorine (Bleach) - Used on inanimate objects Iodine (Betadine) - Used in medical setting. Disinfectant for tools
29
Phenols
Poisonous compound (harm CNS) Disrupt cell walls and membranes and precipitate proteins Low to intermediate Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal Used with soaps found in hospitals and sometimes in homes to control outbreaks and skin infections, only available by prescription!
30
Chlorohexidine
A surfactant and protein denaturant with broad microbicidal properties Low to intermediate level Used as skin degerming agents for preoperative scrubs, skin cleaning, and burns
31
Alcohols
Ethyl or Isopropyl Germacide. Bacteria, viruses, Fungi. Not endospores Works best at 70% concentration Antiseptic
32
Hydrogen peroxide
Amazing stuff Lower concentration – used for antiseptic or low tiered germicide High concentration – May be more sporicidal in nature, but needs a very high concentration and long time exposure Wound care. Dilute concentrations can be found in contact cleanser
33
Aldehydes
Prevents DNA from forming double helix Glutaraldehyde - used for materials that can be damaged in high heat. High level! Formaldehyde - Needs to be at a high concentration for it to be a high level germicide. Disinfection
34
Detergents and Soaps
Polar Low level germacide. More for big/physical particles.
35
Heavy Metals
Low level Weak antiseptic. Used in lots of things. Cosmetics, dressings, ulcers, microbial control, ointments and rinses
36
Dyes
Low level and narrow spectrum. Gram +
37
Acids and Alkalis
Low level Manipulates pH to slow or inhibit growth Unless extreme, acid or base will kill most microbes. But slow or inhibit.
38
Goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells = selectively toxicity
39
Five major components that are useful drug targets in live cells
Inhibit cell wall synthesis Breakdown cell membrane structure/function Interference w/DNA and RNA Inhibit protein synthesis Block key metabolic pathways
40
Narrow spectrum drugs
Effective on a small range of microbes Target a specific cell component found only in certain microbes
41
Medium or Broad-spectrum drugs
Greatest range of activity Target cell components common to most pathogens
42
Examples of cell wall drugs
Penecillin, Cephalosporins, Beta-lactams: Carbapenems (Impipenem, Broad), Monobactams (Aztronam, Narrow, G-) Nonbeta-lactams: Vncomycin (narrow, nonpenecillin), Bacitracin (narrow), Isoniazid (tuberculosis)
43
All cell wall drugs consist of these 3 parts
Thiazolidine ring Beta-lactam ring Variable side chain dictating microbial activity
44
Drugs that disrupt membrane function
Polymixins (narrow, G-), Amphotericin B, Nystatin
45
Drugs that affect nucleic acid synthesis
Chloroquine, Quinolones, Fluoroquinolones
46
Beta-lactam is a.... (include structure/ mode of action)
an antimicrobial that contains a highly reactive 3-carbon, 1-nitrogen ring its mode of action is to interfere with cell wall synthesis
47
Cephalosporins Generations are effective against?
1: effective against Gram-post cocci and few gram-neg 2: more effective against gram-neg bacteria 3: broad-spectrum activity against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamases 4: widest range; both gram - and gram +
48
Carbapenems are an additional.... and is used for
sub-group of beta-lactam is a broad-spectrum drug for infections with aerobic and anaerobic pathogens
49
Monobactams are an additional.... and is used for
has a stand-alone beta-lactam ring narrow-spectrum drug for infections by gram - aerobic bacilli; may be used by people allergic to penicillin
50
Drugs that block protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides (Broad, G- rods, Some G+), Tetracycline (Broad, tRNA is blocked), Chloramphenicol (Broad, blocks peptide bond), Macrolides --> Erythromycin (broad, attaches to 50S)
51
Drugs that affect metabolic pathways
Sulfonamides (Broad, blocks folic acid synthesis)
52
Synergistic effect
The effects of a combination of antibiotics are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual antibiotics
53
Non-Beta-lactam cell wall inhibitors include...
Vancomycin (narrow), Bacitracin (narrow), Bacillus subtilis (ointment), and Isoniazid
54
What antimicrobial drugs are used to disrupt cell membrane function (this question in on twice)
Polymyxins, amphotericin B, and naystatin
55
Polymyxins will...
interact w/ phospholipids, cause leakage, mostly gram neg bacteria Peptide antibiotics with a unique fatty acid component target the cell membrane, bind to LPS on the outer membrane, and disrupt the membrane.
56
Five anti-fungal drugs (My gross fungal spore erupted)
Macrolide polyenes - bind to fungal membranes and cause loss of selective permeability Griseofulvin – ring worm athletes foot Synthetic azoles - Broad, slow or stop progression Flucytosine - analog of cytosine; cutaneous mycoses; with amphotericin B for systemic mycoses (routine fungal skin infections) Echinocandins – damage cell walls
57
Which of the following drugs inhibits bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis? a. Chloramphenicol b. Erythromycin c. Sulfonamides d. Tetracycline
C. Sulfonamides
58
Humans need folic acid. Why can we take one or both of these drugs (referring to the drugs that block this metabolic pathway) and it does not harm us
We can take these drugs since the drugs effect the process/ pathway of making folic acid and we get ours in food sources
59
Aminoglycosides are antibacterial drugs that target a. Peptidoglycan Synthesis b. Cell Membrane c. Protein Synthesis d. DNA Replication
C. Protein synthesis
60
Fluoroquinolones will....
bind to DNA gyrase inhibits the synthesis of bacterial mRNA and DNA replication (bind and doesn’t let it wind back up, and can no longer divide again, or go through replication)
61
Aminoglycosides will...
Inhibit protein synthesis binding to one ribosomal subunit, 30s subunit doesn’t move, causes miss reading of mRNA
62
Tetracylcines will...
Blocks tRNA from the A acceptor site, can’t read mRNA stand, stops synthesis
63
Chloramphenicol will... (microbial)
Blocks the peptide bond formation, synthesized through chemical processes. They bind to the 50s subunit of the 70s ribosome. Prevents from getting to active site.
64
Macrolides will...
Ribosome is prevent from translocating binds to the 50s, has a mechanism that blocks the process of translocation (cant move down the mRNA strand)
65
Sulfonamides are....
Metabolic pathways: block the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, block enzymes required for DNA and RNA synthesis
66
The major goal of various antimalarial drugs is to target different parts of the_____
Erythrocytic phase/ cycle
67
What are the major anthelminthic drugs
Niclosamide, pyrantel piperazine, and mebendazole
68
Niclosamide is described as...
Blocks ATP for the mouthparts so worms cannot anchor to hosts
69
Pyrantel, and piperazine is described as
Paralyzes worms so they are just passed in stool
70
Mebendazole is described as....
Affects the use of glucose and motility so worms starve.
71
Chloroquine will bind and cross-link the
double helix; quinolones inhibit DNA helicase
72
Competitive inhibition in metabolic analogs is...
a drug that competes with the normal substrate for the enzyme's active site
73
What are the types of antimalarial drugs
quinine, chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine
74
What are the types of anti-protozoan drugs? (Meet Quin Sully Tetrad)
Metronidazole, quinacrine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines
75
Major steps/strategies or antiviral agents
1. Block penetration into the host cell (Enfuvirtide, maraviroc) 2. Block replication, transcription, or translation of genetic material (Acyclovir) 3. Prevent maturation of viral particles or exit of host cell (oseltamivir, zanamivir)
76
HIV drugs that block the entrance
Enfuvirtide Maraviroc
77
What are the drugs for HIV-blocking replication?
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition: zidovudine, epivir, and nevirapine
78
What are the drugs for blocking exit in HIV
Integrase inhibitor: raltegravir Protease inhibitor: amprenavir
79
What are the drugs for influenza that block exit
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Zanamivir
80
What drugs are used in Herpes (block replication)
Acyclovir: nucleotide analogs
81
What does Enfuvirtide do?
Prevents binding of viral receptors to cell and blocks fusion of virus with cell
82
What does Maraviroc do?
Covers up the cell receptors; HIV cannot adhere and remains inactive
83
What does Epivir do?
Stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA synthesis
84
What does Nevirapine do?
Attach to HIV RT binding site, stopping its action
85
What does raltegravir do?
Interacts with integrase and blocks its action; HIV DNA is not spliced into host chromosome
86
What does Amprenavir do?
Insert onto HIV protease, an enzyme that clips viral proteins into functional pieces. The bruises are defective and unable to infect other cells

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