Quiz 2 (CH. 3,4, part of 5)

Question 1

You are not clear when you look at a sample if there are two adjoined dots or one, you need more - Aeryn if you see this, feel free to edit it if it’s wrong or doesn’t make sense. Or add cards for that matter too :)

Answer 1

Resolution

Question 2

Which do you actually see in the microscope?

Answer 2

Virtual image

Question 3

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Live, 10,000X

Answer 3

Not possible. Can’t get that close up with an ocular microscope and all electron microscopes can’t view living organisms

Question 4

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: 1,500X, want to fluorescently tag chloroplast organelles.

Answer 4

Fluorescence microscope because you want to color the parts of the cell.

Question 5

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Dead, 50,000X, want to examine the inner folds of a mitochondrion.

Answer 5

TEM because it goes through the cell to see the innerfolds

Question 6

What microscope should you use for this scenario and why: Live, colorless, want to visualize the organism at ~1,000X

Answer 6

Phase-contrast because you can see through the cell.

Question 7

CHROMagar contains several dyes and is used to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections. The patient’s sample is inoculated and based on the color of the colonies you can identify the pathogen. CHROMagar is best described as:

Answer 7

Differential

Question 8

In your own words, explain why Gram staining is differential and not selective.

Answer 8

Gram staining is differential and not selective because you are differentiating between positive and negative with either purple for positive and red for negative.

Question 9

We often use oil immersion in microbiology, why? Include why oil would be used, and why we need to magnify at this level in microbiology.

Answer 9

Because the organisms are so small.
Oil immersion is used often because when an organism is too small to see in the 4 and 10x view, you need to move to the 100x view and doing so, the light will not shine through the microscope clearly and bounce through the air, and the oil will help funnel the light though the microscope.

Question 10

There are two major lenses in a standard light microscope, what are they, and how do you use them to calculate total magnification.

Answer 10

There’s the ocular lens and the objective lens. The ocular lens is in the eye piece and the objective lenses are on the nose piece and all three have a different magnification. You calculate the total magnification by multiplying the objective power by the ocular power to get the total magnification.

Question 11

If a stain attaches to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, what type of dye and staining is this?

Answer 11

Basic dye and positive stain.

Question 12

What are the 6 I’s I the 6I system and what is the ultimate goal?

Answer 12

Inoculation – To introduce a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth
Incubation – To promote multiplication and produce the actual culture.
Isolation – To make additional cultures from single colonies to ensure they are pure
Inspection – To analyze initial characteristics of microbes in samples. Stains may be used.
Information gathering – To provide specific data and generate an overall profile of the microbes
Identification – Lays the groundwork for further research into the nature and roles of the microbes

Question 13

What is media and why is it used? What is Agar?

Answer 13

Media is a nutrient used to grow organisms outside of their natural habitats. Agar is a type of media made from seaweed or algae that is a solid.

Question 14

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Liquid

Answer 14

Broth media. Does not solidify

Question 15

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Semi-solid

Answer 15

Will contain a solidifying agent

Question 16

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Solid

Answer 16

Has a firm surface for colony formation

Question 17

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Synthetic

Answer 17

Contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

Question 18

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Complex

Answer 18

contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

Question 19

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: General Purpose

Answer 19

Grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

Question 20

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Enriched

Answer 20

contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

Question 21

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Selective

Answer 21

Contains agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of others

Question 22

Describe the media type with any key details to remember it: Differential

Answer 22

Allows growth of different microbes and displays visible differences among them

Question 23

What are the three main isolation techniques?

Answer 23

Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate

Question 24

How does this isolation technique work - Streak plate

Answer 24

Streak the sample in long thin lines over the surface on a solid media slowly diluting the sample

Question 25

How does this isolation technique work - Pour plate

Answer 25

Taking a loop from sample 1 to sample 2 then a loop from sample 2 into sample 3 to dilute out the sample and isolate the microbe

Question 26

How does this isolation technique work - Spread plate

Answer 26

The microbe solution is in water and it is diluted over a water gradient and then pipetted onto the surface of a plate then spread out over the top

Question 27

What are the types of microscopes?

Answer 27

Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning contrast, scanning confocal, transmission electron, scanning electron

Question 28

What is this microscope used for: Bright field

Answer 28

Live, preserved, and stained specimen

Question 29

What is this microscope used for: Dark field

Answer 29

Live and unstained specimen

Question 30

What is this microscope used for: Phase contrast

Answer 30

Unstained living cells to see intracellular structures

Question 31

What is this microscope used for: Fluorescence

Answer 31

Detecting certain cells, diagnoses, or if you are looking for a specific cell or structure

Question 32

What is this microscope used for: Scanning Confocal

Answer 32

To focus on multiple depths, plains, and to make a 3D image

Question 33

What is this microscope used for: Transmission Electron (TEM)

Answer 33

To look through a sample using electrons, and to see the more or less dense parts of the cell

Question 34

What is this microscope used for: Scanning Electron (SEM)

Answer 34

To build a 3D map or view of a cell. Cells can be larger and thicker using this microscope.

Question 35

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Acidic dye

Answer 35

Negatively charged chromophore

Question 36

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Negative stain

Answer 36

The microbe repels the dye and stains the background

Question 37

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Simple stain

Answer 37

One dye is used and reveals shape, size, and arrangement

Question 38

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Differential stain

Answer 38

Uses a primary stain then a counter stain to differentiate cell types or parts such as gram stains, acid-fast, and endospore

Question 39

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Structural stain

Answer 39

Reveals certain cell parts like capsule stains and flagellar stain

Question 40

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Basic dye

Answer 40

Positively charged chromophore

Question 41

What gets stained and examples of said stain: Positive stain

Answer 41

Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

Question 42

What categories do these stains fall into? Purple background and white microbes Acid-fast stain Flagellar stain Endospore stain

Answer 42

Negative stain Differential stain Structural stain Differential stain

Question 43

What best describes the action of the prokaryotic flagellum?

Answer 43

It rotates to move the cell

Question 44

What signals may guide the bacteria to or away from an area and what is/are the process(es) called?

Answer 44

Chemotaxis and phototaxis. Positive is towards the stimuli and negative is away from the stimuli. Counterclockwise motion is a run and clockwise is a tumble because it tumbles around whereas counterclockwise is a more linear motion like a run.

Question 45

What are the core major differences between Gram + and Gram – cell walls?

Answer 45

Gram + = Super thick peptidoglycan, possibly no periplasmic space, has wall and lipo teichoic acids Gram - = Super thin peptidoglycan, always has periplasmic space, has lipopolysaccharides and porin network, is like a sandwich

Question 46

A structure that stores things.

Answer 46

Inclusions or granules -> depends

Question 47

A structure that makes proteins

Answer 47

Ribosomes

Question 48

A resting cell that can survive environmental extremes

Answer 48

Endospores

Question 49

Cell membrane

Answer 49

Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Controls what goes in and ou

Question 50

Cytoplasm

Answer 50

Serves as a solvent for materials used in cell function. Life-sustaining reactions. Supports structures in dense gel

Question 51

Nucleoid

Answer 51

Holds genetic material

Question 52

Cell wall - G+

Answer 52

Structure, stability, prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure

Question 53

Glycocalyx - capsule or slime

Answer 53

Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss. Smooth and relatively even Allows adhesive to surfaces

Question 54

Flagellum

Answer 54

Move or rotate the cell

Question 55

Round bacterial cells growing in irregular clusters would be best described as:

Answer 55

Staphylococci

Question 56

What would you call pairs of rod shaped cells?

Answer 56

Diplobacilli

Question 57

Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

Replace the blank: Organisms in Domain Archaea are often characterized by their ability to

Answer 58

live in extremes.

Question 59

Characteristics of cells

Answer 59

Reproduction, metabolism and enzymes, transport, heredity and dna, growth and development, responsiveness

Question 60

lopho

Answer 60

small bunches, same place

Question 61

amphi

Answer 61

both ends

Question 62

peri

Answer 62

perimeter

Question 63

coccus

Answer 63

spherical

Question 64

bacillus

Answer 64

rod

Question 65

coccobacillus

Answer 65

round and rod. short and plump

Question 66

What is one key shared feature of fimbriae, pili and the glycocalyx? How are they different?

Answer 66

They all cover the outside of a cell. They differ because fimbriae is used to attach to surfaces, pili is to attach to other cells, and Glycocalyx is a coating on a cell. Also, fimbriae and pili are appendages

Question 67

How are chromosomes and plasmids different? In what types of organisms do we find chromosomes? In what types of organisms do we find plasmids?

Answer 67

1. They are different because plasmids self-replicate naturally, while chromosomes replicate with the genome. 2. Chromosomes are mostly found in eukaryotes. Mostly plants and animal cells. 3. Plasmids are found in prokaryotes, specifically bacteria. And in some eukaryotes.

Question 68

How do bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?

Answer 68

Eukaryotes have a 60S and 40S subunit whereas prokaryotes have 30S and 50S subunits.

Question 69

What are endospores and why are they useful?

Answer 69

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera. They are useful because they can be dormant for millions of years and then become active again?

Question 70

How do the actinobacteria and the firmicutes differ?

Answer 70

A has high GC and F has low GC

Question 71

What process do the cyanobacteria and the green/purple sulfur bacteria have in common? What’s different about how they do this process?

Answer 71

Photosynthesis. Cyano gas inclusions. Sulfur no oxygen production C: thylakoid G&P: bacteriochlorophyll

Question 72

What does it mean for bacteria to be gliding? Fruiting?

Answer 72

1. Gliding is travelling in low water content 2. Fruiting is the organized movement of vegetative cells.

Question 73

What is special about rickettsias and chlamydias? What do they each cause?

Answer 73

Both are intracellular parasites. Both cause dangerous disease. R: is Rocky mountain spotted fever. can't survive or multiply outside host C: is STD and pneumonia, move from person to person (infection)

Question 74

How do Archaea differ from bacteria and euks? Which are they more similar to in your opinion?

Answer 74

1. It differs because they live in very extreme habitats with lots of stressors. 2. Archaea are more similar to euks

Question 75

If blood agar supports a wide range of microbes but only breaks down blood to show clearings, it is

Answer 75

Differential and Enriched Not selective because it is alive