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Quiz 5 (CH 13,14,15) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is drug resistance

A

it is an adaptive response, in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory

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2
Q

Drug inactivation is…

A

this happens when an enzyme cleaves a portion of the molecule and renders it inactive

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3
Q

Decreased permeability (Drug resistance)

A

When the receptor that transports the drug is altered, so that the drug cannot enter the cell

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4
Q

Decreased permeability (Drug resistance)

A

When the receptor that transports the drug is altered, so that the drug cannot enter the cell

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5
Q

Activation of drug pumps

A

Is when specialized membrane proteins are activated and continually pump the drug out of the cell

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6
Q

Change in drug binding site

A

the binding site on target ribosome is altered so the drug has no effect

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7
Q

use of alternate metabolic pathway

A

The drug has blocked the usual metabolic pathway, but the microbe uses an alternate unblocked pathway that archives the required outcome

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8
Q

What happens in drug resistance

A

The drug resistance cells that used to be few (recessive) become dominant after the use of an antibiotic since the nondrug-resistant cell all die off leaving only the resistant cells.

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9
Q

What percentage of people taking antimicrobials will experience side effects

A

5%

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10
Q

When using antibodies it requires what is specifically for the best outcome for the patient

A

Accurate diagnosis, correct drug therapy, patient compliance, patient history

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11
Q

the future in drug research will include

A

short term, high-dose antimicrobials that are effective, have few side effects and are not inactivated by other microbes

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12
Q

What is the Kirby-Bauer test

A

In this test, there is a plate with different antimicrobials with a specimen (done before the antimicrobial). The best drug is the one with more space surrounding it, which means it is the most effective

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13
Q

Antimicrobial resistance is

A

makes a bad treatment

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14
Q

antimicrobial intermediate

A

can provide a treatment but not the best

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15
Q

antimicrobial susceptible

A

is most likely to provide a good treatment

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16
Q

E-Test diffusion

A

used to determine the sensitivity
as the concentration increases should see less until no inhibition of the microbes

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17
Q

E-test Dilution

A

as the test tubes get more and more diluted see at what point the drug is still working at what concentration (MIC)

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18
Q

Transient microbes are described as

A

temporary microbes (on the table-top)

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19
Q

Resident microbes are described as

A

Established microbes (skin, upper respiratory, GI tract, external urethral opening, vagina)

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20
Q

What are some sterile sites in the human body

A

Heart, blood, bones, liver, ovaries/testes, kidneys/bladder, lungs, sinuses, brain/spinal cord

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21
Q

Explain the microbes of the skin

A

house a lot of different microbes
transient: cling to the surface by do not grow there (influenced by hygiene)
Resident: stable (bacteria & yeasts)

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22
Q

Microbes in the GI Tract

A

The tube is exposed to the environment, microbes change with the shifting conditions of the GI tract (Oxygen, pH, anatomy)

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23
Q

Microbes of the mouth

A

Most diverse and unique flora of the body
The most common residents are Streptococcus
Different microbes live here since different habitats are possible (anaerobic, aerobic)

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24
Q

Microbes of the large intestine

A

favors anaerobic bacteria like Bacteroides, bifidobacterium, fusobacterium, clostridium
also, aid in digestion and absorption, make materials that help digest and absorb

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25
microbes of the respiratory tract
more external, they are in the nasal entrance, nasal cavity, trachea, epiglottis, internal naris most common is staphylococcus aureus, but others include Neisseria species, and haemophilus
26
microbes of the Genitourial tract
Female: in the vagina and urethral opening,j can get yeast and bladder infections, and urination helps clear microbes out from the urethra. Male: Anterior urethra internal reproductive organs kept sterile for both
27
Define infection
Pathogenic microbes penetrate defenses, enter tissues, multiply
28
Define infectious disease
the infection causes damage/disruption to tissues & organs
29
Define pathogen
microbe acting as an infectious agent
30
What are the steps/ flow of infection
Contact: microbes adhere to exposed body surfaces Colonization with microbiota Invasion: Microbes cross lines of defense and enter sterile tissues Infection: pathogenic microbes multiply the tissues
31
What is a true pathogen
true pathogens are capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses (influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan)
32
What is opportunistic pathogens
they cause disease when the hot's defenses are compromised or when they grow in a part of the body that is not natural to them
33
What are the different portals of entry? Phase 1
Exogenous: outside the body Endogenous: already exist on or in the body STORCH: microbes that can make transplacetal movement
34
What does STORCH represent
Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Other Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes
35
Define infectious dose (ID)
minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed
36
Phase 2 of infection is... (and describe it)
Attaching to the host Adhesion: microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen (fimbrae, flagella, glycocalyx, spikes, suckers)
37
Describe the process of salmonella invading the body
1. adhesion by fimbriae 2. release of proteins (secretion system) that will allow them to anchor to deeper tissue 3. disruption of actin filaments (microvilli lose their distinct figures, then get swallowed into the tissues 4. cell gets pulled into the vacuole 5. over time gets pulled deeper into the tissue and multiples and will reach the bloodstream
38
What are exoenzymes (what phase, and what does it do?)
are extracellular enzymes that dissolve barriers and penetrate through or between cells to invade underlying tissues. Phases 3 and 4 avoid host defenses, causing damage
39
What are toxins (what phase, and what does it do?)
primary exotoxins secreted to damage target cells, which die and begin to slough off Phase 3 and 4 avoiding host defenses, causing damage
40
What are blocked phagocytic response (what phase, and what does it do?)
escape phagocytosis and continue to grow and cause further infections, ignored by the immune system since receptors are covered up by capsules Phase 3 and 4 avoiding host defenses, causing damage
41
Endotoxin can be described as
Released after the host cell is damaged. Broad effects attracts LPS that are part of Gram - cell wall toxic at high quantities (bomb)
42
Exotoxins can be described as
small proteins secreted by living bacteria into infected tissue strongly specificity, toxic at low quantities (sniper)
43
What are the stages of clinical infections? IPPC
Incubation: inital contact to first symptoms Prodromal: feelings of discomfort Period of invasion: multiplies at high levels, well-established Convalescent period: respond to the infection, symptoms decline
44
explain localized infection, systemic infection and focal infection
localized: confined to a specific tissue systemic: whole-body, spreads to several sites through the bloodstream Focal: breaks loose and is carried to other tissues (A-B)
45
Explain mixed, primary, secondary, Acute and chronic infections
Mixed: several microbes - primary: 1st infection - secondary: 2nd infection (different microbe) Acute: comes on rapidly, severe but short-lived Chronic: progress and persist over long period of time
46
What is the difference between a symptom and a sign
Symptom: subjective evidence of disease as sensed by patent (fever, pain, soreness, swelling, feeling sick) Sign: objective evidence of disease (Edema, fever of 103, Abscesses, increased white blood cells
47
What are the portals of exit
respiratory and salivary, epithelial cells, fecal, urogenital, removal of blood or bleeding
48
What would classify someone as a chronic carrier
a person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent
49
What is epidemiology
the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations
50
A reservoir is ....
the primary habitat of pathogens in nature (human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants)
51
a source is described as
individual or object infection comes from
52
A carrier is (and what are the different carries)
an individual who carries a pathogen and spreads it to others Asymptomatic: shows no symptoms Passive: contaminated healthcare provider transfers them to other patients
53
What are incubation, convalescent, and chronic carriers
Incubation: spread the infectious agent during the incubation period Convalescent: recuperating without symptoms (but still transmitting) Chronic: individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period
54
What is a vector
A live animal (flea, mosquito, or fly) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another biological (active in pathogen's life) or mechanical (not necessary to life cycle)
55
What makes the infection communicable
when an infected host can trasmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
56
Non-communicable
infectious disease does not arise through transmission from host to host
57
What is direct transmission?
from A to B Contact, respiratory, vertical (mother child), biological vector
58
What is indirect transmission?
A to B to C Contaminated objects food, water airborne droplets Airborne animal wastes
59
Prevalence is
percentage of the population affected at a given time
60
Incidence is
new cases over a given time
61
Mortality rate is
the number of deaths in a population from 1 disease
62
Morbidity rate is
the number of people in a populaiton that become ill
63
What are the patterns of infectious disease occurrence?
Endemic: exhibits a steady frequency over time in a particular area Sporadic: when occasional cases are in irregular intervals Epidemic: when a disease is beyond what is expected (nationwide) Pandemic: epidemic across continents
64
Nosocomial infections are
are infections acquired or developed during a hospital stay (surgery, equipment, personnel, drug-resistant microorganisms)
65
broad picture First line of defense and the three categories
Barriers and entry portals- nonspecific Physical or anatomical barriers (skin) Chemical defenses (stomach acid) Genetic resistance (sickle cell, Malaria)
66
Broad picture a second line of defense
protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis- nonspecific
67
Broad picture third line of defense
acquired with exposure to foreign substances; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells- specific
68
physical/ anatomical barriers (skin) Describe what it does
The constant renewal of cells, the overlapping of layers make it difficult for an infection flashing effect of sweat
69
Physical barriers (mucous membranes) Describe
have production of mucus fluid that is used to flush microbes away form that area Coating of digestive, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts blinking/ tears, flow of saliva, flushing effect of urination, defecation, vomiting
70
What are some nonspecific chemical defenses
Sebaceous: oils things associated with skin/ hair Antimicrobial: nose, different proteins and peptides that work together to destroy microbes Others are tears, saliva, lactic acid/ electrolyte concentration in sweat, stomach acid
71
What are genetic defenses
some hosts are genetically immune to the disease ex. humans carrying a gene or genes for sickle-cell anemia are resistant to malaria
72
What is the action of white blood cells (I have no idea how correct this is)
To find nonself or foreign materials this is done using PAMPs and PRRs White blood cells recognize PAMPs extended off the surface of the cell, the PRRs bind to the protein and signal they have found something foreign
73
What are PAMPs
are molecules shared by microorganisms Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (on the foreign body)
74
What are PRRs
these are Pattern Recognition receptors located on white blood cells to detect PAMPs
75
What is the inflammatory response
it responds to any traum and its goal is to use non-specific strategies to return to homeostasis to clear away invading microbes and cellular debris
76
What is associated with an inflammatory response
Redness: increased circulation Warmth: heat from blood flow Swelling: increased fluid Pain: stimulation of nerve endings
77
Pyrogens are...
reset the hypothalamus increasing body temp; signals muscles to increase heat production Exogenous pyrogens: infectious agent product typically endotoxins
78
What are the benefits of a fever?
inhibits temperature-sensitive microbes reduces iron (nutrition of bacteria) increases metabolism, immune reactions & protective processes
79
Describe the lymphatic system
intertwined with the immune system flows in one direction going to the heart to exchange fluid plasma-like fluid, (WBC, fats, stuff) source of immune cells (B,T)
80
Describe the mechanism of phagocytosis
phagocytes migrate to inflammation following a gradient of stimulant products Using TLRs they bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) receptors The pathogen is then enclosed in a phagosome lysosomes with antimicrobial substances fuse and become a phagolysosome and they kill the pathogen release the debris
80
Define antigens
molecules that stimulate an immune response by T and B cells
81
Active Immunity vs passive
Creates/uses memory ( clinical, sub-clinical) no memory (breast milk, placental)
82
Natural immunity vs artificial
normal life medical
83
What are B cells and where are they made
make antibodies to defend our bodies by targeting individual antigens made in bone marrow
84
What are t cells and where are they made
have activating our immune systems or directly killing harmful cells made in the thymus
85
Describe the process of an APC and the three pathways
part of the APC will be presented by the B cell which calls T cell once activate can go three ways 1. The T cell is used to activate B cell production of antibodies 2. Can activate more T cells an macrophages 3. can activate killer T cells
86
What are the different parts of an antibody
Y-shaped or T-shaped polypeptides Variable (for antigen specificity) and constant region heavy chain (inner), light chain (outer) Five kinds of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE)
87
If picked the first pathway from APC what happenes
the antigen is presented on the antibody, the helper T cell binds to the B cell to become activated Cytokines drive cell division to make more B cells This splits into two paths 1. plasma cells: want to continue to make and express antibodies on the surface (have free antibodies to make more) 2. Memory B cells: some that will be stored away, and reactivated if encounter this bacteria again
88
What are the different ways antibodies are used
Complement fixation Opsonization neutralization antitoxin precipitation agglutination

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