Exam 1 Ch.5-6 Flashcards
(22 cards)
5 Functions of Skeletal System
-protection
-movement
-blood cell production
-support
-storage of minerals
4 Anatomical compartments of skeletal system
Bones
Teeth
Cartilage
Ligaments
Location of spongy and compact bone in long bones
Spongy: at the ends
Compact: on the surface
Spongy bone
-has collagen fibers
- reduces weight and provides storage space
-honeycomb structure of trabeculae and open spaces
-contains lamellae and osteocytes, osteogenic, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Compact Bone
-dense tissue composed of osteons
-contains osteocytes within lacunae connected by canaliculi
-does not contain osteogenic, osteoblasts, or osteoclasts
-for support and muscle attachment
Describe each of the diff bone cells. How are they formed, functions and locations?
Osteogenic: stem cells divide & specialize into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts:responsible for bone growth, when they become trapped they become
Osteocytes : protects health of bone
Osteoclasts: dissolve bone for remodeling (made from white blood cells)
How are osteons and trabeculae same and different?
Same: both contain lamellae & osteocytes
Diff: Osteons don’t contain osteogenic, blasts or clasts, trabecula is open spaces, osteons are dense/solid
Yellow and Red Marrow and location
Yellow: adult (long bones surrounded by red marrow)
Red: children (medullary cavity of flat bones)
In the medullary cavity
Compare & Contrast anatomy & functions of bone tissue & cartilage
All cartilages: have chondrocytes & are gel-like ECM
Bone tissues: little to no room, dense, contain osteocytes
4 Steps of Intramembranous Ossification
Mesoderm cells become osteogenic & then osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts start to build spongy bone.
Compact bone fills spongy bone@ surface.
Osteoblasts stay on surface deep to periosteum & endosteum.
5 Steps of Endochondral Ossification
- Mesoderm cells become chondrocyte to build a hyaline cartilage model of the bone.
- Chondrocytes become osteoblasts deep to the periosteum and start to build compact bone at the edges of the diaphysis.
- Artery invades the diaphysis. Diaphysis continues to grow while being hollowed out to create the medullary cavity.
- Ossification centers at the epiphyses are formed after birth.
- Cartilage remains at epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage for growth.
Compare endosteum and periosteum
Perio: covers outer bone surfaces
Endo: covers internal bone surfaces
Where is cartilage located after fetal development of bones? Describe how it got there and why it is important that it is there.
Thickens@ephiseieal Plates & articular cartilage. Got there bc endochondral ossification continues after birth. Then replaced by bone & continues to grow until adulthood.
How might your child grow tall?
For males: good nutrition promotes height.
For females: poor nutrition promotes continued bone growth.
All of this depends on sexual maturity bc sex hormones close at epiphseal plates
Describe how joints are grouped by function.
Synarthroses: immovable
Amphiarthroses: slightly
Diarthroses: freely moveable
Contrast the three types of joints grouped by structure.
Fibrous : most immovable/but depends on fiber length(Synarthroses)
Cartilaginous: 2 types of cartilage-hyaline, Fibro. Slightly(Amphiarthroses)
Synovial: freely moveable (limb Joints) Bones separated by fluid filled synovial cavity(Diarthroses)
Describe the parts associated with a typical synovial joint. What 5 features help to create the synovial cavity and fluid?
Inner synovial membrane makes synovial fluid-lubricates joint
Synovial cavity
Articular Capsule: encloses ends of both bones
Articular Cartilage: covers ends of bone
Reinforcing Ligaments: stabilize joint
Discuss the factors that influence both the stability and mobility of a joint.
1Muscle tone
2Ligament # & location
3Shape of articular surface
What is the relationship between a joint’s mobility and its stability?
- More stable joint Is, less mobile
-More mobile, less stable
Describe and compare the movements of abduction, adduction, pronation, and supination.
Abduction: away from midline
Pronation: palm backward (dorsally)
Adduction: toward Midline
supination: palm toward (ventrally)
Describe all joints that are functionally classified as synarthroses (fibrous)
Sutures: between skull bones
Gomphosis: teeth in sockets
Syndesmoses: hold tibia/fibula together & radius/ulna by strong membrane or ligaments
Describe all joints that are classified as amphiarthroses (cartilaginous)
Synchondroses: temp. Epiphyseal plate joints, cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
Symphyses: pubic symphyses & intervertebral discs
