Exam 2 Ch. 7-9.1

Question 1

List all the joints associated with the torso. What bones and bone parts come together to create each of the joints you listed?

Answer 1

Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable (cartilaginous)
Diarthrosis: synovial (moveable)
Synarthrosis(Immovable) (fibrous)

Question 2

Describe the development of the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

Somite-skleratome, segmental, formed endochondrally

Question 3

Which vertebral curvatures are formed after birth? Why?

Answer 3

Secondary: cervical= holds head up lumbar = walking

Question 4

What distinguish features will help you determine rib one and two?

Answer 4

size, shaft, head, neck & tubercle

Question 5

Compare the three different types of ribs. Where is each located in the rib cage.

Answer 5

True-attach to sternum
False- not directly attach to sternum but with costal cartilage
Floating- don’t attach to anything

Question 6

How are appendicular bones formed during embryologic development?

Answer 6

Mesoderm
Formed intramembranously

Question 7

Compare the body attachment for the lower and upper limb. Is it the same?
Why or why not?

Answer 7

Lower limbs: pelvic girdle temp. interrupts body wall, attached to vertebral column, pelvic limb attaches to lateral aspect of body wall
Upper limbs: pectoral girdle superficial to body wall, attach to body via muscles, pectoral limb attaches to dorsal aspect of body wall

Question 8

How does the pectoral girdle attach to the axial skeleton? How does this influence movements of the scapula?

Answer 8

Attaches to dorsal aspect by muscles which allows for movement of scapula

Question 9

What is the valgus angle? What bone(s) is it associated with and why is it important?

Answer 9

Lower leg deformity when bone at knee joint is angles out and away from the mid line. Accommodates legs in upright position & centers body weight

Question 10

Compare the interosseous membrane of the tibiofibular joint with that of the radioulnar joint. Do they perform the same function?

Answer 10

Holds bones together

Question 11

The knee and elbow joints are equivalent, do they perform the same action? What is different and why?

Answer 11

Both hinge joints and perform flexion/extension
But, elbow joint also performs pronation/supination

Question 12

What ligaments prevent hyperextension of the knee? Hyperflexion?

Answer 12

Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL): prevents hyperextension
Posterior cruciate ligament(PCL): prevents hyperflexion

Question 13

What 3 ligaments are associated with the pelvis? Where are they attached, what do they create, and what passes through the structure they create?

Answer 13

• INGUINAL LIGAMENT: runs from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Creates inguinal canal which nerves/blood vessels pass through
• SACROSPINOUS LIGAMENT:Sacrospinous extends between the sacrum and ligament ischial spine. Creates greater sciatic foramen where sciatic nerve passes through
• SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT: extends between the sacrum and ischial tuberosity. Forms lesser sciatic foramen where nerves/blood vessels pass through

Question 14

The wrist and ankle joint are equivalents. Do they perform the same movements?

Answer 14

Ankle: hinged synovial , plantarflexion, dorsiflexion
Wrist: condyloid synovial, flexion, extension, abduction/adduction

Question 15

Why is the human torso bean-shaped? Why are human upper limbs on the dorsal surface and not the lateral surface like other vertebrates?

Answer 15

– We hang our arms toward the back (dorsally) to counterbalance the weight that is forward (ventral) like chests, breasts, beer bellies.

Question 16

Describe the anatomical structure of a typical neuron. What is the function of each part of the neuron?

Answer 16

Cell body: metabolic center, makes energy, neurotransmitters, etc
Dendrites: receive stimuli & sends to the one axon.
Axons: transmits nerve signals to axon terminals
Axon Terminals: leads to synapse which transfers impulse to a neuron, muscle or gland

Question 17

Compare and contrast oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

Answer 17

Oligodendrocytes: myelinate certain axons in CNS, insulate axons & allows for faster nerve impulse conduction
Schwann: myelinate axons In PNS/Insulate & allow for faster nerve impulse conduction

Question 18

Explain both the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system. How and why to they overlap?

Answer 18

Sensory input Is sent to brain for integration & a decision has to be made. Signals then sent to effectors as motor output to cause an effect.

Question 19

Compare and contrast the dendrites and axons.

Answer 19

dendrites receive stimuli & sends it to axons
* the messenger basically

Question 20

Describe the process that creates resting membrane potential.

Answer 20

Resting Potential (-70mV)
-Outside is (+) w/ more Na+ -Inside is (-) w/ more K+
-Na+-K+ pump maintains charge difference

– Three (3) sodium ions are actively pumped out of the cell while two (2) potassium is actively pumped into the cell.
– Thus, there come to be more sodium ions outside of cell membrane than inside.
– Energy (ATP is required to maintain the neuron’s charge difference.

Question 21

Explain the steps to create an action potential.

Answer 21

If the axon reaches THRESHOLD(-55mV).
This causes sequential NA+ VGC to open and Na+
enter. (DEPOLARIZATION)

– This, unidirectional, continued depolarization along an axon is what is known as the ACTION POTENTIAL.