Exam 3 Ch.16-17 Flashcards
(16 cards)
What areas/regions of the skull are derived from mesoderm? Neural crest?
Mesoderm
-posterior bones
Neural crest
-anterior bones
*sphenoid and temporal bones derived from both
What areas/regions of the skull are formed by endochondral ossification? Intramembranous ossification?
• Superior and ventral/anterior bones are formed intramembranously.
• Inferior and dorsal/posterior bones are formed endochondrally.
• Temporal, Sphenoid, and Occipital bones are formed by both
ossification processes
What bones are derived from the pharyngeal slits/pouches?
– The Arch 1 - mandibular gives rise to the jaws (maxillae and mandible), malleus, and incus
– The Arch 2 - hyoid give rise to the hyoid bone (in part,), stapes and styloid process of the temporal bone.
– Remaining arches create hyoid bone (in part) and laryngeal cartilages
What are the ventricles? Where is each of the four ventricles located?
Hollow cavities in the brain that are continuous with one another and the central canal of the spinal cord.
-lateral: within the right and left cerebral hemispheres
-3rd: Cerebral aqueduct at the midbrain
4th: Between the pons/medulla oblongata and cerebellum
Where in the brain is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) located?
In the ventricles or 3rd ventricle to make brain light
What are the main functions associated with the cerebrum?
-performs higher mental functions
-interprets sensory stimuli
-plans & initiates movement
Where is the corpus callosum located? What is it composed of? What is
its function?
In the cerebrum: sends information from between the right and left hemispheres.
Composed of cerebral white matter
Where are the motor and somatosensory cortices located? What is the function of each of these areas?
Motor cortex: frontal lobe(motor)sends voluntary motor output to specific muscles
Somatosensory cortex: parietal lobe(sensory) touch & pain
Describe the parts associated with the diencephalon. Where is each located and what are their functions?
Thalamus:
-Sorts, edits, and relays messages coming into or going out of the cerebral cortex
– Sensory and motor information
Hypothalamus:
– Connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum
• Makes several hormones that regulate:
– Temperature
– Food and water intake
– Sleep-wake cycles
-Pituitary gland secretions
Epithalamus:
• Includes the pineal gland
– Secretes melatonin which regulate the wake-sleep cycle
Describe the parts associated with the brainstem. Where is each located and what are their functions?
Midbrain: Holds up the cerebrum and includes visual and auditory reflex centers.
Pons: Assists with depth and rate of breathing with the medulla oblongata.
– Relays motor information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Medulla oblongata: Autonomic reflex center
– Heart rate
– Blood pressure
– Breathing rhythm
– Vomiting, Hiccupping, Swallowing, Coughing, Sneezing
Explain how the cerebellum is connected to the brainstem. Describe the functions of the cerebellum.
By 4th ventricle
– Evaluates body position and posture
– Coordinates the force, direction, and extend of skeletal muscle contraction
Why are the cerebral and cerebellar cortices folded? What is the advantage of the the folding?
The brain grows faster than surrounding membranous skull, so the cerebral and cerebellar cortices fold (gyri and sulci) to occupy the available space.
– Increases the surface area of the brain.
What problems might you observe if you have a patient with a stroke in the:
– Anterior cerebral artery
– Middle cerebral artery
– Posterior cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery: affect motor and sensory
Middle cerebral artery: affects motor, sensory and sound and smell
Posterior cerebral artery: affects sound & smell, vision, skeletal muscle movement & body posture
What areas of the brain function to move skeletal muscles? Cardiac
muscles? Smooth muscles?
Skeletal: frontal lobe(motor cortex) & cerebellum
Cardiac: medulla oblongata
Smooth: cerebellum
What areas of the brain receive sensory input from the body? Be specific with the type of sensory information is received in that area.
Parietal lobe: – Somatosensory cortex receives sensory information from the body(touch & pain)
Occipital lobe: sensory input that originates on the retina
Temporal lobe: sound & smell
Insula: taste & visceral sensory information from ventral body organs
Thalamus: Sorts, edits, and relays messages coming into or going out of the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
What parts of the brain perform autonomic functions of the body?
Brain stem
