Exam 1: CNS Development (finished up to slide 64, will add 65-72 later. But it is ready to use) Flashcards by Daniel Carriger

Neurulation

Begins in ___ week with formation of _____ _____

Edges of neural plate _____ and form _____ _____ between them

Folds _____ starting from _____ to create a tube

Process is complete by week ___

Neurulation

Begins in 3rd week with formation of neural plate

Edges of neural plate elevate and form neural groove between them

Folds fuse starting from midline to create a tube

Process is complete by week 4

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Schwann cells and neurons are derived from _____derm

Ectoderm

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Dorsal root ganglion are derived from ___________

Neuro crest cells

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Neural Tube Closure of

Cranial Neuropore occurs on the ___ day

Caudal Neuropore occurs on the ___ day

Neural Tube Closure of

Cranial Neuropore occurs on the 25th day

Caudal Neuropore occurs on the 27-28th day

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Meroencephaly

Born without _____, but _____ is present

Failure of the _____ end of the _____ _____to close

Malformation or lack of formation of _____ and _____

May have small amount of _____ _____ but disorganized and not functional

Meroencephaly is _____ with life

Meroencephaly

Born without brain, but brainstem is present

Failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close

Malformation or lack of formation of brain and cranium

May have small amount of brain tissue but disorganized and not functional

Meroencephaly is not compatible with life

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What condition is this?

What defect leads to this condition?

Meroencephaly

Failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close

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Spina Bifida

Failure of the _____ end of the _____ _____ to close

Do not get _____ of the _____ _____ of vertebrae

Spina bifida _____ – mild form

Spina bifida _____ – severe

Can be completely asymptomatic or lead to severe malformation of the spinal cord and CNS in the area

Spina Bifida

Failure of the caudal end of the neural tube to close

Do not get fusion of the spinous process of vertebrae

Spina bifida occulta – mild form (don’t fuse in center)

Spina bifida cystica – severe

Can be completely asymptomatic or lead to severe malformation of the spinal cord and CNS in the area

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What condition is this?

Meningoencephalocele

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What condition is this?

Spina bifida occulta

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What condition is image A?

What condition is image B?

What condition is image C?

Condition A is Spina bifida occulta

Condition B is Meningocele

Condition C is Myelomeningocele

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Cell Division at ___ weeks

Identify A

Identify B

Identify C

Identify D

Identify E

Cell Division at 4 weeks

A is a Differentiating neuroblast

B is a Dividing neuroepithelial cell

C is the Neural canal space

D is the External limiting membrane (basement membrane)

E is the Mesodermal space

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Fifth week

First differentiation of _____ cells

_____ begin to migrate out of CNS

Fifth week

First differentiation of nerve cells

Axons begin to migrate out of CNS

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During the ___ to ___ week, there is intensive differentiation of _____ _____ into neural tissue

During 6th to 10th week, there is intensive differentiation of stem cells into neural tissue

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Differentiation of Neural Tissue

The Ventricular zone contains _____ _____ cells

The cells in the Marginal zone become _____ cells

Differentiation of Neural Tissue

The Ventricular zone contains mytotically active cells

The cells in the Marginal zone become specialized cells

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Nerve cells and various glial cells are derived from _____ cells

One exception is the _____ which is derived from _____ cells

_____ are phagocytic cells in the _____ important for _____ _____

Nervous tissue must be vascularized to obtain _____ cells

Nerve cells and various glial cells are derived from neuroepithelial cells

One exception is the microglia which is derived from mesenchymal cells

Microglia are Phagocytic cells in the CNS important for immune defense

Nervous tissue must be vascularized to obtain mesenchymal cells

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_____ successive stages in the development of the spinal cord. Note formation of ventral _____ and dorsal _____ horns and the _____ column.

Identify A

Identify B

Identify C

Identify D

Identify E

Two successive stages in the development of the spinal cord. Note formation of ventral motor and dorsal sensory horns and the intermediate column.

A is the intermediate zone

B is the mantle layer

C is the marginal layer

D is the neuroepithelial layer

E is the ventricular zone

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Cell Differentiation: Nerve cells

Identify A

Identify B

Identify C

Identify D

Cell Differentiation: Nerve cells

A is a neuroepithelial cell

B is a neuroblast

C is a neuron

D is a devoloping axon

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Cell Differentiation: Glia cells

Identify A

Identify B

Identify C

Identify D

Identify E

Identify F

Cell Differentiation: Glia cells

A is a neuroepithelial cell

B is a glioblast

C is an oligodendrocyte

D is a Schwann cell

E is a microglial cell

F is an astrocyte

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Cell Differentiation: Ependyma cells

Identify A

Identify B

Cell Differentiation: Ependyma cells

A is a neuroepithelial precurser

B is an ependymal cell

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Differentiation of White vs. Gray Matter

The _____ remains in the ventricular zone (lining the _____ _____).

The _____ matter, containing cell bodies, arises from _____ region.

The _____ matter, predominantly myelinated axons, arises from _____ region.

Differentiation of White vs. Gray Matter

The ependyma remains in the ventricular zone (lining the central canal).

The gray matter, containing cell bodies, arises from mantle region.

The white matter, predominantly myelinated axons, arises from marginal region.

Mantle/Marginal Regions in Cross-Section of: Embryonic Brain/Cord

Identify A

Identify B

Identify C

Identify D

Identify E

Mantle/Marginal Regions in Cross-Section of: Embryonic Brain/Cord

A is a neural crest

B is the marginal region

C is the mantle region

D is the ventricular region

E is the neural canal

Differentiation of: Gray Matter

Mantle in the dorsal part of the developing brain is called the _____ _____, and develops into _____ areas.

Mantle in the ventral part of the developing brain is called the _____ _____, and develops into _____ areas.

A groove of the _____ canal, the _____ _____, separates the two.

Differentiation of: Gray Matter

Mantle in the dorsal part of the developing brain is called the alar plate, and develops into sensory areas.

Mantle in the ventral part of the developing brain is called the basal plate, and develops into motor areas.

A groove of the neural canal, the sulcus limitans, separates the two.

Differentiation of: Alar and Basal plates of Mantle

Draw and understand how the Alar plate, Basal plate, and Neurocrest differentiate

Differentiation of: Alar and Basal plates of Mantle

Specialized Differentiation of: Spinal Cord

_____ cell (in the spinal cord) can myelinate up to ___ axons(s).

_____ cell from the neural crest myelinates ___ axon(s) on peripheral nerves.

Specialized Differentiation of: Spinal Cord

Oligodendroglial cell (in the spinal cord) can myelinate up to 50 axons.

One Schwann cell from the neural crest myelinates a single axon on peripheral nerves.

**_Spinal Cord Development_** **Fills vertebral canal** at ___ weeks Grows _____ than the surrounding **vertebral canal** By ___ months of fetal life, cord ends as high as \_\_\_ By ___ spinal cord ends at about \_\_\_ By \_\_\_, spinal cord ends at about \_\_\_

**_Spinal Cord Development_** Fills vertebral canal at **8 weeks** **Grows slower** than the surrounding vertebral canal By **7 months** of fetal life, cord ends **as high as S1** By **birth** spinal cord ends **at about L3**. By **adulthood**, spinal cord **ends at about L1**

**_Development of the Brain_** \_\_\_\_\_ end of ____ \_\_\_\_\_ **gives rise to the brain** and shows ___ **dilatations** (primary brain \_\_\_\_\_)

**_Development of the Brain_** **cephalic end** of **neural tube** gives rise to the brain and shows **3 dilatations** (primary brain **vesicles**)

**_3 Primary brain vesicles_** \_\_\_\_\_ or **fore**brain \_\_\_\_\_ or **mid**brain \_\_\_\_\_ or **hind**brain

**_3 Primary brain vesicles_** **prosencephalon** or forebrain **mesencephalon** or midbrain **rhombencephalon** or hindbrain

**_5 Secondary brain vesicles_** The **5 secondary vesicles form during** the ___ week when the: **_prosencephalon:_** divides into _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ **_mesencephalon:_** does not divide **_rhombencephalon:_** divides into _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

**_5 Secondary brain vesicles_** The 5 secondary vesicles form during **the 5th week** when the: **_prosencephalon:_** divides into **telencephalon** and **diencephalon** **_mesencephalon:_ does not divide** **_rhombencephalon:_** divides into **metencephalon** and **myelencephalon** **\*\*\*** the **_5_** secondary brain vesicles form in **_5_**th week! **\*\*\***

**_Development of the Brain_** **telen**cephalon → _____ \_\_\_\_\_ **dien**cephalon → _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ **mesen**cephalon → \_\_\_\_\_ **meten**cephalon → _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ **myelen**cephalon → _____ \_\_\_\_\_

**_Development of the Brain_** **telen**cephalon → **cerebral hemispheres** **dien**cephalon → **thalamus** and **hypothalamus** **mesen**cephalon → **midbrain** **meten**cephalon → **pons** and **cerebellum** **myelen**cephalon → **medulla oblongata**

**_Ventricular System_** The _____ canal (or cavity), called **the neural canal** in the **four-week embryo**, will differentiate: In the **brain**, it becomes the \_\_\_\_\_. In the **spinal cord**, it becomes the \_\_\_\_\_.

**_Ventricular System_** The **internal** **canal** (or cavity), called the neural canal in the four-week embryo, will differentiate: In the **brain**, it becomes the **ventricles**. In the **spinal cord**, it becomes the **spinal canal**.

**_Development of the Ventricular System_** cavity of **telencephalon** → _____ \_\_\_\_\_ cavity of **diencephalon** → _____ \_\_\_\_\_ cavity of **mesencephalon** → _____ \_\_\_\_\_ (of \_\_\_\_\_) cavity of **rhombencephalon** → _____ \_\_\_\_\_ cavity of **spinal cord** (central canal) is _____ with cavity of **brain vesicles**

**_Development of the Ventricular System_** cavity of **telen**cephalon → **lateral ventricles** (1 inside each cerebral hemisphere) cavity of **dien**cephalon → **3rd ventricle** cavity of **mesen**cephalon → **cerebral aqueduct** (of **_Sylvius_**) cavity of **rhomben**cephalon → **4th ventricle** cavity of spinal cord (central canal) **is continuous with** cavity of brain vesicles

**Practice** drawing the **developmental pathways of the brain** (Completed chart on **flip** side)

**Developmental pathways of the brain**

**From week 5 to 6 the** **_Telencephalon_** **→ 3 things we need to know:** \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

**From week 5 to 6 the _Telencephalon_ → 3 things we need to know:** **Paleocortex** **Corpus striatum** and **Neocortex**

**From week 5 to 6 the _Dien_****_cephalon_** **→ 4 things we need to know:** \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

**From week 5 to 6 the _Diencephalon_ → 4 things we need to know:** **Epithalamus** **Thalamus** **Hypothalamus** and **Indifundibulum**

**From week 5 to 6 the** **_Mesencephalon_** **→ 3 things we need to know:** \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ \_\_\_\_\_

**From week 5 to 6 the _Mesencephalon_ → 3 things we need to know:** **Tectum** **Tegmentum** and **Cerebral peduncles**

**From week 5 to 6 the _Meten_****_cephalon_** **→ 2 things we need to know:** \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

**From week 5 to 6 the _Metencephalon_ → 2 things we need to know:** **Cerebellum** and **Pons**

**From week 5 to 6 the _Myelen_****_cephalon_** **→ 1 things we need to know:** \_\_\_\_\_

**From week 5 to 6 the _Myelencephalon_ → 1 things we need to know:** **Medulla**

**Practice** drawing the **developmental pathways of the brain** from **week 5** to **week 6** (Completed chart on **flip** side)

**Developmental pathways of the brain** **week 5** to **week 6**

Is the **alar** plate **a sensory or motor area**? In the **medulla oblongata**, the **alar plate divides** into many regions **Name** the **4 regions**, their **abbreviations**, and any **special senses or motor uses** related to those regions.

The **alar** plate is a **sensory** area **A:** Special Somatic Afferent (eg, **hearing and balance**) (**SSA**) **B:** General Somatic Afferent (**touch**) (**GSA**) **C:** Special Visceral Afferent (**taste**) (**SVA**) **D:** General Visceral Afferent (**GVA**)

Is the **basal** plate **a sensory or motor area**? In the **medulla oblongata**, the **basal plate divides** into many regions **Name** the **3 regions**, their **abbreviations**, and any **special senses or motor uses** related to those regions.

The **basal** plate is a **motor** area **A:** General Visceral Efferent (**Parasympathetics**) (**GVE**) **B:** Special Visceral Efferent (**branchial** **or pharyngeal arch muscles**) (**SVE**) **C:** General Somatic Efferent (**other muscles**) (**GSE**)

**_Differentiation of Medulla Oblongata_** **Roof** of **rhombencephalon** has _____ \_\_\_\_\_\* **Neural canal** becomes _____ \_\_\_\_\_ **Cranial nerves** (cell bodies and support) **arise** from _____ \_\_\_\_\_ **\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_** develops by **migration** of **alar plate cells**

**_Differentiation of Medulla Oblongata_** Roof of rhombencephalon has **choroid plexus\*** Neural canal becomes **4th ventricle** Cranial nerves (cell bodies and support) arise from **neural crest** **Inferior olivary nucleus** develops by migration of alar plate cells

**_Differentiation of Metencephalon_** **\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_** develops by **migration** of **alar plate cells**

**_Differentiation of Metencephalon_** **Pontine nucleus** develops by migration of alar plate cells.

**_Differentiation of Midbrain_** **_Alar plate_** → _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ of V. **_Cerebral aqueduct_** **_Basal plate_** → _____ \_\_\_\_\_, _____ \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ \_\_\_\_\_

**_Differentiation of Midbrain_** Alar plate → **Colliculus** and **Mesencephalic nucleus** of V. Cerebral aqueduct Basal plate → **Oculomotor nucleus**, **Red nucleus**, and **Substantia nigra**

**_Practice drawing the functional components of the:_** Neural tube Brainstem Spinal cord (Completed chart on **flip** side)

**_Functional components of the:_** Neural tube Brainstem Spinal cord

**_medial-to-lateral positions of brainstem cranial nerve and spinal cord nuclei:_** Understand the relationships of key nerves and nuclei in relation to each other and the brainstem (Completed chart on **flip** side)

**_medial-to-lateral positions of brainstem cranial nerve and spinal cord nuclei:_** key nerves and nuclei in relation to each other and the brainstem

**_Cephalic Flexures brain development at about week 5:_** Identify **A** Identify **B** Identify **C** Identify **D** Identify **E** Identify **F**

**_Cephalic Flexures brain development at around week 5:_** **A** is the **Cervical flexure** **B** is the Roof of **Rhombencephalon** **C** is the **Cranial flexure** **D** is the **Rhombencephalon** **E** is the **Mesencephalon** **F** is the **Prosencephalon**

**_Prosencephalon:_** Identify **A** Identify **B** Identify **C** Identify **D**

**_Prosencephalon:_** **A** is the **Lamina terminalis** **B** is the **Telencephalon** **C** is the **Eye** **D** is the **Diencephalon**

At about **7 weeks** most **Cranial Nerves come out of the brainstem** except **two of them**. **Which CN are the exceptions**?

**CN 1 & 2** _Do not_ come out of the brainstem

I will finish from slide 65-72 later. I want to read that section first

Exam 1: CNS Development (finished up to slide 64, will add 65-72 later. But it is ready to use) Flashcards

•Describe the timing of basic events in nervous system development. •Be able to name and diagram the formation of the brainstem, vesicles, and spinal cord from the neural tube •Understand the fate of cells in the basal and alar plate of the brainstem.