Exam 2: Eye - Clinical and Pathology (summarys and pictures from DSA) Flashcards
(43 cards)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Orbit
Proptosis/Exophthalmos (Graves Disease)
inflammation
tumors
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Eyelid
Inflammations/Infections (Sty, Chalazion, Xanthelesma)
Tumors (Basal Cell Carcinoma, Sebaceous Carcinoma)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Conjunctiva
Inflammations/Infections (e.g. Trachoma)
Degenerative (Pterygium, Pinnecula)
Neoplasms
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Sclera
Collagen Disorders
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Cornea
Inflammation/Infection (including HSV, Amebiasis)
Dystrophies (Fuchs)
Degenerations (Keratoconus)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Anterior Segment
Glaucoma (Open-, Closed-angle)
Cataracts
Inflammation
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Uvea
Inflammation** (Uveitis – Sarcoidosis, Sympathetic Ophthalmia), **Neoplasms (Melanoma)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Vitreous
Retinitis* (infections)
Retinoblastoma*
*vitreous as well as the retina
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Retina
Degenerations (Macular Degeneration)
Retinitis (Retinitis Pigmentosa)
Vascular (Hypertensive and Diabetic Retinopathy)
Neoplasms (Retinoblastoma, Melanoma)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Optic Nerve
- Papilledema (swelling of optic nerve/disc with increased intracranial pressure)
- Optic Neuritis (demyelination - MS)
- Tumors (Optic glioma – NF2)
- Ischemia – Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Similar to stroke)
- Glaucomatous nerve damage (See glaucoma) - cupping
- Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (Mitochondrial inheritance)
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
End-stage eye
Phthis bulbi
Name some conditions related to the following region of the eye:
Systemic Diseases
- MANY systemic diseases affect the eye
- Can be a strong push towards diagnosis
• Examples
Sarcoidosis
Sjögren Disease – lacrimal glands
Infections
Endocrine disorders
Hypertension
Diabetes
Key facts and info for:
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy (Graves disease)

- The accumulation of GAG (principally hyaluronic acid) causes a change in osmotic pressure, which in turn leads to a fluid accumulation, muscle swelling, and an increase in pressure within the orbit.
- These changes, together with retroorbital adipogenesis, displace the eyeball forward and can also interfere with the function of the extraocular muscles and the venous drainage of the orbits
- GAG secretion by fibroblasts is increased by thyroid-stimulating antibodies and activated T cell cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interferon gamma (implying that both B and T cell activation are important parts of this immunopathology)

What condition would you consider with this image and buzz words:
- The accumulation of GAG (principally hyaluronic acid)
- increase in pressure within the orbit
- retroorbital adipogenesis
- displace the eyeball forward
- B and T cell activation

Thyroid Ophthalmopathy (Graves disease)
- The accumulation of GAG (principally hyaluronic acid) causes a change in osmotic pressure, which in turn leads to a fluid accumulation, muscle swelling, and an increase in pressure within the orbit.
- These changes, together with retroorbital adipogenesis, displace the eyeball forward and can also interfere with the function of the extraocular muscles and the venous drainage of the orbits
- GAG secretion by fibroblasts is increased by thyroid-stimulating antibodies and activated T cell cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interferon gamma (implying that both B and T cell activation are important parts of this immunopathology)

Key facts and info for:
Sty or Hordeolum
- In the eyelid region
- acute inflammatory** involving **hair follicles or sebaceous/apocrine glands
Key facts and info for:
Xanthelasma
- In the eyelid region
- yellow plaques
• nasal aspect often
• associated with hyperlipidemia (in young)
Key facts and info for:
Chalazion
- In the eyelid region
- granulomatous
- around meibomian glands or glands of Zeis (sebaceous glands)
Key facts and info for:
Neoplasms
(In the eyelid region)

- In the eyelid region
- Basal cell carcinoma – Most common
• Sebaceous carcinoma – Arise in sebaceous glands
• Other - Kaposi sarcoma

What condition would you consider with this image and buzz words:
- eyelid shows ectropion
- cornea shows neovascularization
- foamy cytoplasm
- clear cytoplasm

Sebaceous Carcinoma
- (Left image) Pagetoid* spread of sebaceous carcinoma. Neoplastic cells with foamy cytoplasm are detected within the epidermis.
- Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the left lower eyelid. (Right Top image) The patient’s left lower eyelid shows ectropion**, and the cornea shows neovascularization.
- (Right Bottom) mild expansion of the conjunctival epithelium due to infiltration by single or small groups of malignant sebaceous cells with large, hyperchromatic nuclei and occasional mitoses. These display little clear cytoplasm reminiscent of sebaceous differentiation
* Pagetoid refers to this spread of neoplastic cells within the epidermis
** ectropion: a condition, typically a consequence of advanced age, in which the eyelid is turned outward away from the eyeball

Key facts and info for:
Chlamydia** – **Trachoma

- In the Conjunctiva
- Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection that is transmitted through flies
- Epithelial cell inclusions
- Chronic inflammation results in follicles and scarring

What condition would you consider with this image and buzz words:
- infection
- flies
- follicles and scarring

Conjunctiva - Trachoma
- Repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis ( transmitted through flies) causes chronic inflammation
- resulting in follicles (Panel A) and scarring (Panel B), in the form of white lines, bands, or sheets, in the tarsal conjunctiva of the upper eyelid and causing eyelashes to turn inward and abrade the cornea (Panel C).

Key facts and info for:
Pinguecula
- In the Conjunctiva
- Degenerative (actinic* lesions)
- Does not invade cornea
- Yellowish area of thickening
- Elastosis
*actinic: refers to damage resulting from sun exposure. This part of the eye is on the outside and can be easily damaged by the sunlight.
Key facts and info for:
Pterygium

- In the Conjunctiva
- Degenerative (actinic* lesions)
- Fibrovascular tissue migrates onto cornea
- White
*actinic: refers to damage resulting from sun exposure. This part of the eye is on the outside and can be easily damaged by the sunlight.

Key facts and info for:
Inflammations
(In the cornea region)
- In the Cornea
- keratitis and ulcers (e.g. contact lens complications)
- Bacterial, Fungal, Viral (HSV, herpes zoster),
- Helminth (Onchocerciasis “Loa Loa”, River Blindness); Transmitted by blackflies. Fluffy opacities in cornea and conjunctiva (degenerating microfilariae.
- Protozoal – amoebic (contact lens)































