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NRES 250 > EXAM 1 FORESTRY > Flashcards

EXAM 1 FORESTRY Flashcards

1
Q

How was fire used historically by Native Americans

A

Native Americans used controlled fire as a way to create cleanings for their villages and farms

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2
Q

What attitude did settlers have 400 years ago about forests.

A

The settlers saw all the resources as their own and took as much as they wanted with little thought about how it will effect them later on.

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3
Q

What is Plymouth Colony 1967, Pennsylvania 1681 and Broad Arrow 1691?

A

They are some of the first restrictions on over harvesting trees.

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4
Q

What is public domain and why did the federal government develop it?

A

The US government created public domain to promote settlement west wards. They sold the land for a cheaper price as an incentive to move west. The money earned was used to pay back the debt of the Revolutionary War.

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5
Q

Homestead Act 1862

A

The government wanted settlers to move out west so the sold settlers 160 acres for a small filling fee of $18 if they promised to live there for 5 years

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6
Q

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

A

The government set aside federal lands to create colleges to benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts

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7
Q

Timber and Stone Act 1878

A

The US sold land that wasn’t suitable for farming for $2.50 an acre

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8
Q

Forest Reserve Act 1891

A

allowed presidents to remove forests from public domain into forest reserves

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9
Q

Organic Act 1897

A

provides for the management of forest reserves

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10
Q

McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act 1928

A

established inventorying and monitoring activities of the Forest Service

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11
Q

Multiple Use/ Sustained yield Act 1960

A

federal forests are to be managed under principals of multiple use and to produce a sustained yield of products and services

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12
Q

What are some important environmental variables of forest biomes?

A

climate and sills, geography, ecophysiology factors (water, nutrient, solar radiation, temperature)

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13
Q

What is physiognomy?

A

similar climates have similar vegetation appearances

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14
Q

Boreal Forest, Northern Coniferous Forest

A
  1. Vegetation: spruce, fir, pine, birch, aspen, willow
  2. Climate: rather cold, long and harsh winter, 5-7 months of winter, short growing season
  3. Soils: young, and slow to develop, nutrient limiting as the soil is developing
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15
Q

Eastern Mixed Forest, Northern Hardwoods

A
  1. Vegetation: maple, hemlock, beech, basswood, birch, oak, hickory
  2. Climate: 4-5 month winter, favorable to spring, summer bring moisture stress
  3. Soils: highly variable(some rich, others are not), glaciation, uplifting, bedrock exposure
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16
Q

Pacific Coast (Coastal) Forest

A
  1. Vegetation: douglas-fir, western hemlock, spruce, fir, redwood
  2. Climate: temperate especially near ocean, variable from temperate rainforest to woodland to Boreal, a lot of moisture
  3. Soil: possibly deep and high organic matter at surface, highly variable
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17
Q

Rocky Mountain (Evergreen) Forest

A

1.Vegetation: Pine, spruce, Douglas-fir, aspen, maple, oak
2. Climate: cool and temperate due to elevation, relatively short growing season

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18
Q

Eastern Deciduous, Central Broad-Leaved Forest

A
  1. Vegetation: central hardwoods: oak, hickory, tulip poplar, sugar maple, buckeye
  2. Climate: not to hot not to cold, favorable growing season, net primary production is high
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19
Q

South-Eastern Mixed/Evergreen Forest

A
  1. Vegetation: yellow pine, oak, hickory, maple
  2. Climate: mild winters, hot summers, late summer moisture stress
  3. Soils: old/aged, nutrient challenged
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20
Q

Tropical Forest

A
  1. Vegetation: many broad-leaved evergreens, deciduous as rainfall decreases
  2. Climate: Hot and humid
  3. Soils: old/ages, nutrient challenged
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21
Q

Prevalent forest types in Wisconsin

A
  1. 2.8 million acres of aspen
  2. 1.5 million acres of oak and hickory
  3. 1.4 million acres of maple and basswood
  4. 670,000 acres of red pine
22
Q

What percentage of the land mass in Wisconsin is forested

A

approximately 45%

23
Q

Range

A

current natural location

24
Q

habit

A

plant form

25
Q

habitat

A

site conditions found on

26
Q

autecology

A

environmental factors important to explaining where trees grow

27
Q

What is a stand of trees and how is it defined

A

uniformity in age class, composition, structure, continuous grouping

28
Q

Ways to define forest structure

A
  1. even aged (mostly similar aged)
  2. uneven aged (several age classes, 3 or more)
  3. diameter distributions are used to infer about age class
29
Q

Ways to define forest composition

A
  1. pure (one species)
  2. mixed (2 or more species)
30
Q

What is the function of the pith

A

central core of the boles, branches, twigs and some roots. First year of growth, soft tissue

31
Q

What is the function of the xylem

A

water conducting tissue, supports structure, stores nutrients

32
Q

Result of primary growth

A

elongation

33
Q

Result of secondary growth

A

radial growth

34
Q

autecology

A

species and the environment

35
Q

synecology

A

all organisms, complex interaction and the environment

36
Q

Sexual regeneration by seeds

A

wind, animals, and mechanical

37
Q

Asexual regeneration

A

fragments of roots, sprouts, stumping, sprouting

38
Q

What is an environmental gradient

A

a bell curve graph, environmental conditions best suited for species

39
Q

Succession

A

replacement of vegetation and other organisms, primary based on shade tolerance, leads to climax vegetation, disturbance changes the game

40
Q

primary succession

A

starting from nothing, bare rock, severely disturbed soil

41
Q

secondary succession

A

from a setback or a disturbance

42
Q

disturbances

A

fire, wind, floods, ice storm, moisture stress, insects and diseases, wildlife, humans

43
Q

Ways to measure diameter at DBH

A

outside bark diameter, measured at 4.5 feet above ground
measured with a DBH stick, calipers, Biltmore stick

44
Q

Basal Area

A

outside bark, cross sectional area measured 4.5 feet above ground, expressed sq ft/acre

45
Q

Height

A

distance from the ground to the tree top
measured with a clinometer, vertex hypsometer, or estimated with a trained eye

46
Q

Tree diameter classes

A

seedling- less than 4.5 feet tall
sapling- 0”<DBH<5.5”
Pole or Pulpwood:
hardwood- 5.6”<DBH< 11.5”
softwood- 5.6”<DBH< 9.5”
saw timber:
hardwood- DBH>11.6”
softwood- DBH>9.6”

47
Q

cull

A

a non-merchantable living tree

48
Q

snag

A

a standing dead tree

49
Q

Fixed radius plot sample

A

measuring circular plots that are usually some fraction of an acre

50
Q

point sampling

A

use a prism to determine which trees to measure

51
Q

Board foot

A

most common measure of a saw timber value
1 board foot is equivalent to a plant that is 1” by 12” by 12”

52
Q

Cords

A

the most common measure of pulpwood volume
1 cord is equivalent to 128 cubic feet of stacked pulpwood (4ft x 4ft x 8ft)

NRES 250 (9 decks)

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