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NRES 250 > EXAM 2 FORESTRY > Flashcards

EXAM 2 FORESTRY Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecophsiology?

A

ecology and physiology studied together in the context of the environment

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2
Q

What is the importance of understanding ecophysiology?

A

forest succession mechanics, forest response to climate change, atmospheric chemistry of forests

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3
Q

Basic associated of ecophysiology

A

animal seed dispersal, microbe accumulators, root symbiosis, consumers

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4
Q

Important site factors that trees interact with

A
  1. Climate- solar radiation, temperature, available moisture
  2. Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties, soil and water movement
  3. topography - microsite and mesosite
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5
Q

factors related to plant distribution

A
  1. temperature
  2. moisture
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6
Q

What is tolerance?

A

the ability to withstand stress

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7
Q

What is shade tolerance

A

plants ability to tolerate different amounts of shade

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8
Q

shade intolerant trees

A

aspen, paper birch, red pine

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9
Q

very shade tolerant species

A

sugar maple, eastern hemlock

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10
Q

moderate shade tolerant species

A

eastern white pine, northern red oak

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11
Q

What is advance regeneration?

A

seedlings or saplings established naturally without the influence of harvesting under a forest canopy. next crop is already established at harvest

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12
Q

What is the light compensation point?

A

value at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration

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13
Q

relationship between soil properties and tree sustainability

A

soil and pH affects nutrient growth, soil physical and bulk density affects on root growth

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14
Q

Soil pH

A

below 5.0 is acidic
5.5-6.5 is mildly acidic
6.5-7.2 is more alkaline
7.2-7.3 is considered alkaline

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15
Q

symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots

A

increases surface area: increase in H2O and nutrient uptake

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16
Q

Definition of silviculture

A

use of sustainable management practices to establish or guide the development of forested stands to soulful natural resource objectives

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17
Q

why was silviculture created

A

created by the Germans when they experience a wood shortage

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18
Q

crown classifications

A

Dominant: sunlight at the top and the sides
Codominant: sunlight at the top and little on the sides
Intermediate: only sunlight on the top
suppressed: no direct sunlight

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19
Q

Even-Aged vs Uneven-Aged

A

Even-aged: dominant trees are all about the same age
uneven aged: stand has 3 or more age classes

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20
Q

Describe tree size using an age class system

A

Seedling: 1-5 years, <3 ft tall
Sapling: 5-15 years,> 3ft tall to <4 in DBH
Pole: 15-60 years,> 4 in DBH to <8 in DBH
Mature: 60-150 years, height and diameter slows
Old growth: >150 years, age and stand attributes depend

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21
Q

Tree Regeneration systems: Clear Cut

A

Most of the trees removed,Ideal with intolerant species
Mimic severe disturbance, planting or direct seeding, natural seeding (limits of seed dispersal, strips, or patch clearcut), advanced regeneration, and stump sprouting

22
Q

Tree Regeneration Systems: Seed Tree

A

Scattered trees left after harvest (seed source)
Ideally crop trees regenerate
Cons: seed crop and germination variability, competition, with throw shallow rooted trees
Harvest seed trees 5-8 years later

23
Q

Tree Regeneration System: Shelterwood

A

Retain sufficient number of trees per unit area
Seed trees, 30-80% canopy
Visual quality is the best of even aged systems
Remove overstory once understory is established

24
Q

Tree Regeneration System: Coppice

A

Dependance on vegetative regeneration
Root sprouting (aspen)
Stump sprouting (red maple, northern red oak)

25
Q

Pros and Cons Natural Regeneration

A

Pros: lower cost
Cons: nature and probability, too few or too many

26
Q

Pros and Cons Artificial Regneration

A

Pros: dependable and predictable
More reliable stand establishment
Better control of species and spacing
Genetic improvements
Cons: higher cost, site prep

27
Q

Field grown bare root vs container grown seedling

A

Field grown: grown in a field rather than a pot or other artificial environment
Container grown: plants are grown in containers (pots) rather than the ground

28
Q

Advantage of mixed stands

A

More niches filled (soil and arboreal)
Greater pest resilience
Diversity, flexibility, and market prices
Social desires for aesthetics and recreation
Wildlife habitat and refugia

29
Q

Advantage of Pure stands

A

Fit valuable species in a stand
Ease with stand management
Reduced harvesting costs and stand entries

30
Q

Disadvantage of Pure stands

A

Aesthetics can be reduced
Diversity decreases

31
Q

Advantage of even-aged stands

A

Reduce harvest residue – reduced fire risk
Steady income with small woodlots
Favorable odds with species regeneration
wood quality greater
harvest volume greater per harvest
uniform growth rates

32
Q

disadvantage uneven-aged

A

Increased harvest cost
More frequent entry, greater admin costs
Increased silviculture knowledge
Increased administration

33
Q

Intermediate practices: Release Treatment

A

fire desirable species- removed competition and frees resources
best before pole stage
many treatments: fire, herbicide, mechanical

34
Q

Intermediate practices: Improvement Cuts

A

used on pole and mature stands
remove low value trees- defected or deformed, diseased or infected
leave the best, cut the rest

35
Q

Intermediate practices: Thinning

A

reduces stand density
often in even aged stands
usually total volume does not increase
increases in residual potential size
available light, water and nutrients, increased forest health

36
Q

Types of Thinning: Below or Low

A

Removes suppressed and intermediate crown classes
Light thinning: removes smaller DBH trees
Heavy thinning: some codominant trees removed

37
Q

Types of Thinning: Above or Hight

A

removes dominant and codominant trees
high grading is not desirable
decreases stand genetics

38
Q

Types of Thinning: Mechanical

A

removes rows or strips
relatively quick and economical
response is short-lived: tree growth slows to a limiting factor, must repeat thinning every 10-15 years

39
Q

Intermediate Practices: Pruning

A

improves wood quality
more than just cutting: natural target pruning, trees seal, don’t heal

40
Q

Intermediate Practices: Salvage Cuts

A

removes trees damaged by wind, fire, insects, disease, drought, flood, or ice storm
harvested before quality decreases

41
Q

Intermediate Practices: Fertilization

A

improves growth
limiting factors: nitrogen and phosphorus

42
Q

proper location to prune a branch

A

cut the dead branch as close as you can to the branch axil

43
Q

What are the two land surveys systems used in the US

A
  1. Metes and Bonds
  2. US Public Land Survey
44
Q

initial point

A

origin

45
Q

principal meridian (PM)

A

North and South Direction

46
Q

base line (BL)

A

East and West Direction

47
Q

Standard Paraelles (SP)

A

East and West Direction, 24 miles

48
Q

Guide Meridians (GM)

A

North and South Direction, 24 miles

49
Q

Township Lines (TL)

A

East and West Direction, 6 miles

50
Q

Range Lines (RL)

A

North direction, 6 miles

51
Q

Township

A

36 miles squared

52
Q

section

A

1 mile squared

NRES 250 (9 decks)

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