Exam 1 - Kines text Chapter 2 Flashcards by Kat Compton

What causes us to move and what allows us to move efficiently without apparent thought?

(some of these systems include:)
Neuromuscular system
Muscular system
skeletal structures

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Part of the peripheral nervous system; efferent or motor innervation controlling the viscera; innervates smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands; supplies info from the INTERNAL environment; basically it helps maintain internal balance as it responds to internal stimuli

Autonomic Nervous System

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ANS

Autonomic Nervous System

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CNS

Central Nervous System

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Also called efferent; relays information from the CNS to structures that need to react or respond; carries info away from CNS

Motor Neuron

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The division of the Nervous System that includes the brain & spinal cord

Central Nervous System

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PNS

Peripheral Nervous System

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The division of nervous system that links the CNS with the muscles and glands; provides sensory info to the CNS; further subdivided into autonomic and somatic divisions

Peripheral Nervous System

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Also called afferent; transmits signals from receptors to the CNS; carries info to the CNS

Sensory Neuron

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Subdivision of the PNS; sensory receptors and nerves related to the external environment; nerves linking these to the CNS and efferent nerves returning to the skeletal muscle; responds to things happening outside of the body

Somatic Division

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Organs located within body cavities

Viscera

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Motor neurons in the CNS are referred to as _________.

UMNs - upper motor neron

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Motor neurons in the PNS

LMNs

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T/F - the ANS has cell bodies in both the CNS and PNS

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Loss of voluntary movement due to increase in muscle tone including spasms, tendon reflexes are increased or hyperexcitable

spastic

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What is hypertonia?

increased muscle tone - Jason suffers from this

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Kinesiology for $500: This is known as a loss of voluntary movement due to lack of muscle tone; tendon reflexes are also decreased or absent.

What is flaccid paralysis? Correct!

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What is hypotonia?

decreased muscle tone

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loss of muscle refers to

atrophy

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T/F - Peripheral nerves have the capacity for regeneration and repair if the cell body remains intact

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How much does the peripheral nerves regenerate?

2 to 4 mm/day

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CNS is divided into 5 levels of control - what are these 5 levels of control?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord

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The cerebral (motor) cortex is concerned with ______ movement.

voluntary

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related to the canal of the ear, the organ of equillibrium

vestibular

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the ability to receive stimuli from within one's body, such as from muscles, tendons, & other internal tissues

proprioceptive

What does COPD stand for?

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This disease is characterized by degenerative changes in the alveoli, resulting in breathlessness on exertion.

COPD

Incoordination; inability to execute coordinated voluntary movement; loss of smooth execution of movement

Ataxia

wasting of tissue, esp. in muscle due to lack of use

atrophy

irregular, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often described as dance-like motions

Chorea

Difficulty in performing voluntary movements; (The word is divided into two parts - ___ meaning bad or difficult, ______ referring to movement)

Dyskinesia

Accumulation of excessive amounts of watery fluid in cells, tissues or serious cavities

Edema

External receivers, afferent nerve endings that respond to stimulation by external agents, specialized in receiving info from the external envionment, such as the eyes

Exteroreceptors

Sometimes referred a flexor reflex, protective; the withdrawal of a limb in response to painful stimulation

flexor withdrawl

relaxed, without tone

flaccid

"above or over tone" - extreme tension of the muscles

hypertonia

"under tone"; having a lesser degree of tension; diminished muscular tone

hypotonia

"Internal receivers," afferent nerve endings or receptors that respond to stimulation from within the body, primarily from visceral organs.

Interoreceptors

the normal state of tension of muscles caused by partial contractions of some of the muscle fibers

Tone

loss of power of voluntary movement in a muscle through injury or disease to its nerve supply

paralysis

A sensory end-organ in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and inner ear allowing us to know the location of one body part in relation to another; activated by movement or action of the organism itself

proprioceptor

a state of increased muscular tone, muscles are continuously tight or stiff

spasticity

slight stretching of a muscle lengthens fibers, causing stimulation of sensory endings, which leads to contraction of the muscle. Protective reflex to avoid overstretching

stretch reflex

related to the vestibule of the ear; a vestibule is a small space or region at the entrance of a canal

vestibular

Muscle tension develops, but the muscle length does not change.

Isometric contraction

The length of the muscle changes, causing joint movement (think doing bicep curls, bringing the dumbbells toward you)

isotonic contractions

An isotonic contraction is considered ________ when the muscle shortens and the joint angle is decreased.

concentric

If your muscle contracts with less force than needed to overcome resistance, ____ contraction occurs. The muscle is lengthening under stress

eccentric

The muscle's ability to shorten in length

contractility

A muscle's ability to be stretched or lengthened

extensibility

A muscle's ability to return to its original length after it has been stretched

elasticity

The capacity of the muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus, whether that's chemical, electrical or mechaical

irritability

knees secrete a special fluid

synovial fluid

decubiti

ulcers/bed sores

Increase the pain-free movement avail at a given joint. Cannot be performed voluntarily

accessory motion

Three types of accessory motions

roll, spin, and glide

Joints - 3 types

synarthrodial, amphiarhrodial, diarthrodial

_____ joints are enclosed w/in a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint - thus, these joints are also referred to as _____ joints.

diarthrodial; synovial

____________ joints allow for the most movement

diarthrodial

____________ joints in the hand represent joints w/ 2 degrees of freedom

metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

Which joint allows 3 degrees of freedom?

ball and socket

In addition to voluntary motions, _________ motions increase the pain-free movement available at a given joint.

accessory

The 3 types of accessory motions

roll, spin, & glide

Each dorsal nerve root receives feedback from a specific area of skin on the body - the specific area is labeled a ____________.

dermatome

Which 2 nerves do the brachal plexus service

Radial & Ulnar

Which 2 nerves do the lumbosacral plexus service

femoral & sciatic

Where the muscle begins

origin

The ________ is usally distal or farther away from the trunk and midline of the body & is considered the most movable part.

insertion

This terminology is used when the insertion is stable & the origin moves toward the insertion (like a push-up)

reversal of muscle function

______ muscles originate distal to the joint

intrinsic

______ muscles originate proximal to the joint

extrinsic

The skull & trunk compose the ________ skeleton

axial

The extremities (and other things) compose the _______ skeleton

appendicular

Give an example of a bony projection "crest"

iliac crest, crest of tibia

Give an example of a bony projection "epicondyle"

lateral epicondyle of humerus

Give an example of a bony projection "process"

olecranon process, styloid process

Give an example of a bony projection "spine"

anterior superior iliac spine

Give an example of a bony projection "trochanter"

Greater trochanter of femur, malleolus

Name the 3 planes

Frontal (coronal) Transverse (horizontal) Sagittal (anterioposterior)

frontal plane divides body

anterior and posterior

Transverse plane divides body

upper and lower

sagittal plane

left and right

The axis for movement on the frontal plane is

sagittal axis

The axis for movement on the sagittal plane is the

frontal axis

The axis for movement on the transverse plane is the

vertical axis

Joint types include (the specific kinds like We all know ball and socket - what are some more?):

``` ball and socket hinge saddle pivot gliding (remember carpal bones) condyloid ```

Lateral movement away from midline or center of body

abduction

medial movement toward midline or center of body

adduction

bending of joint; usually reduces joint angle

flexion

joint angle increases, straightening

extension

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction leading to circular motion

circumduction

rotary movement around vertical axis of bone away from midline of body

lateral rotation

rotary movement around vertical axis of bone toward midline of body

medial rotation

position of forearm when palm is facing down

pronation

position of forearm when palm is facing up

supination

humerus positioned in horizontal plane, arm raised to 90 degrees, with movement away from midline and toward back of body

horizontal abduction

humerus positioned in horizontal plan, arm raised to 90 degrees, with movement toward midline and front of body

horizontal adduction

movement of head, neck, or trunk laterally away from midline or center of body

Lateral flexion

toward the front of the body

toward the back of the body

posterior

toward the head or higher than another structure

superior

toward the feet or lower than another structure

inferior

toward the midline

medial

toward the sides of the body, away from the midline, on or to the side

lateral

toward or closer to the attachment to the trunk or origin, nearer to the center of the body

proximal

away from or further from the midline of the body

distal

toward the surface of the body

superficial

toward the inside of the body

deep

opposite sides of body - right vs left

contralateral

on the same side of the body; right arm and right leg are

ipsilateral

lying on stomach in face-down position

prone

lying on back in a face-up position

supine

The two reference Positions that may be used to describe movement and illustrate planes are the _______position and the _____position

anatomical position and fundamental position