Exam 1 questions

Question 1

what is the primary reason why altitude has a negative impact on VO2?

Answer 1

decreased PO2

Question 2

oxygen makes up what percent of air, sea level and high altitude?

Answer 2

20.9%

Question 3

what is the term that describes decreased blood PO2?

Answer 3

hypoexmia

Question 4

for healthy people, altitudes up to ___ cause few, if any, differences in performance

Answer 4

1500 m

Question 5

when at alitude what is the primary respiratory imapct of the decreased pO2 in the blood stream?

Answer 5

decreased flow of oxygen across respiratory membrane

Question 6

when at altitude, why does the decreased diffusion gradient cause reduced flow of oxygen into tissues?

Answer 6

absolute pressure gradient decreases

Question 7

at altitude, waht is the primary respiratory adaptation?

Answer 7

increased ventilation

Question 8

longterm exposure to altitude causes an increase in hematocrit, how does this impact the respiratory system?

Answer 8

improved oxygen transportation capacity

Question 9

Ventilation commonly limits performance by providing insufficient O2 intake and CO2 removal.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

The immediate increase in ventilation that occurs before the onset of exercise is stimulated by changes in blood CO2 and H+

Answer 10

false

Question 11

hyperventilation causes

Answer 11

decrease in carbon diozide

Question 12

Why does hyperventilation decrease the drive to breathe?

Answer 12

it decreases PCO2 and increases pH

Question 13

If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide does not increase, this means that

Answer 13

anaerobic metabolism

Question 14

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occurs in 40% to 50% of elite athletes exercising at near-maximal intensities.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what happens when one performs the valsalva maneuver?

Answer 15

all of these

Question 16

Pulmonary ventilation is inversely proportional to exercise intensity.

Answer 16

false

Question 17

Pulmonary ventilation is the most likely limitation of maximum performance (oxygen consumption).

Answer 17

false

Question 18

Chemoreceptors (chemical) located in the signals to the inspiratory center, to increase ventilation.

Answer 18

brain, carotid bodies and lungs

Question 19

what is hyperventilation?

Answer 19

increased breath rate

Question 20

Urine produced after strenuous exercise is most likely __ compared to urine produced before exercise

Answer 20

acidic

Question 21

active recover leads to additional acid production and should be avoided after exercise

Answer 21

false

Question 22

Chemical buffers in the blood are only a short term solution for blood acidosis after exercise

Answer 22

true

Question 23

If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide does not increase, this means that

Answer 23

anaerobic metabolism is increasing

Question 24

Compared to other skeletal muscles, respiratory muscles

Answer 24

have a geater oxidative capacity

Question 25

Why does ACTIVE recovery reduce blood acidity more quickly than passive recovery?

Answer 25

increased blood flow and ventilation

Question 26

the respiratory system has an anticipatory response, similar to the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

true

Question 27

the valsalva maneuver

Answer 27

all of these

Question 28

What is the main change that occurs to regulate airway resistance from rest to max effort?

Answer 28

increased airway radii

Question 29

Why doesn't breathing return to normal (following exercise) as quickly as it increases at the beginning?

Answer 29

waste CO2 removal continues after exercise ends

Question 30

What is the most likely cause of dyspnea during exercise?

Answer 30

Fatigue of inspiratory muscles

Question 31

In the absence of blood tests, respiratory gas measurements can be used to approximate the lactate threshold.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

The small, heavily-vascularized structures (bronchioles and alveoli) are known as the _________.

Answer 32

respiratory zone

Question 33

How is nearly all (98%) of oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 33

bound to hemoglobin

Question 34

How is MOST (60%-70%) of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 34

dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate

Question 35

How is normal, resting expiration performed?

Answer 35

2 of these

Question 36

Dalton's law explains the relationship between total pressure and __________ of gases.

Answer 36

partial pressure

Question 37

What is a typical MAXIMUM (a-v)O2 Diff?

Answer 37

15-18 ml

Question 38

_________ measures the volumes of air during breathing (primarily measuring expired air).

Answer 38

spirometer

Question 39

Which muscles are inspiratory? i.e. which contract to cause normal inspiration?

Answer 39

diaphragm and intercostals

Question 40

What are the 2 main branches off of the trachea that lead to each lung?

Answer 40

bronchii

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of nasal breathing?

Answer 41

nasal passages provide maximum air flow to lungs

Question 42

Which process is involved in internal respiration?

Answer 42

capillary diffusion

Question 43

How many oxygen molecules can bind to 1 hemoglobin?

Answer 43

4

Question 44

The internal intercostals are engaged during

Answer 44

forced expiration

Question 45

According to Dalton's law,

Answer 45

the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide add up to atmospheric pressure

Question 46

Which of these factors is most critical in determining the rate of pulmonary diffusion?

Answer 46

gas partial pressure

Question 47

The respiratory centers regulate breathing by stimulating contraction of skeletal muscles that control ventilation.

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The oxygen diffusion gradient from alveoli to capillary blood is approximately 40 mmHg.

Answer 48

false

Question 49

As lung volume increases, lung pressure decreases (and vice versa).

Answer 49

true

Question 50

The maximum total O2-carrying capacity for a person with a blood volume of 5 L would be approximately

Answer 50

1L

Question 51

When pulmonary stretch receptors send a signal that triggers a shortened duration of inspiration, it is known as the

Answer 51

hering-breuer reflex