EXAM

Question 1

What is a Network-attached Storage (NAS) device?

Answer 1

Dedicated file storage systems providing data access to authorized clients

NAS devices are designed for easy file access over a network.

Question 2

What is the primary function of Storage Area Networks (SANs)?

Answer 2

SANs are used for high-speed data storage and retrieval.

High-speed networks for consolidated block-level data storage, enhancing accessibility

SANs improve data accessibility by allowing multiple servers to access the same storage resources.

Question 3

Proxy Servers

Answer 3

■ Act as intermediaries between user devices and the internet, enhancing
security and privacy

Question 4

Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Answer 4

■ A concept that transforms traditional, hardware-dependent network
services into software-based virtual functions, enhancing agility and
flexibility in telecommunications

Question 5

Virtual Private Cloud

VPC

Answer 5

■ Enables creation of virtual networks in the cloud
and connected to on-premise data centers or other
AWS services

Question 6

Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC)

Answer 6

■ An integral component of the IPv6 network protocol, simplifying the
network configuration process by allowing devices to autonomously
assign their IP addresses
■ Created to reduce administrative overhead and foster self-sufficiency in
network management

Question 7

DAC - Direct Attach Copper (DAC) Cables

Answer 7

● Fixed assembly copper cabling for short distances

100 Gbps at 15 meters (active cables); 100 Gbps at 7 meters
(passive cables)

Question 8

BNC Connector (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)

Answer 8

● Coaxial connector with a secure bayonet locking mechanism
● Used with RG-6 or RG-59 coaxial cables
● “Push and twist” style connector
● Common in professional video connections and radio frequency
applications
● Introduced in the 1940s, often erroneously called British Naval
Connector

Question 9

F Type Connector

Answer 9

● Screw-on connector used with RG-6 and RG-59 coaxial cables
● Standard for cable TV, satellite, and cable internet connections

Question 10

RJ - 11

Answer 10

Telephone

Question 11

RJ - 45

Answer 11

Ethernet

Question 12

What is the shape and design of the SC Connector?

Answer 12

Square shape with push-pull design

used with Single-mode fibers

and for Telecommunications and data networking

FTTH deployments for reliability and ease of use

Question 13

What is the size and mechanism of the LC Connector?

Answer 13

Compact size with push-pull mechanism

High-density applications like data centers

As paired cables for transmit and receive sides

High-precision alignment, ensuring efficient data transmission and minimized potential data loss

Question 14

What shape and mechanism does the ST Connector have?

(straight tip)

Answer 14

Round shape with twist-lock mechanism

When operating in any kind of environment where movement or vibrations might occur

Multi-mode fiber optics

Outdoor applications due to its durability

Question 15

What is the design of the MTRJ Connector?

Answer 15

Small, rectangular design housing transmit and receive fibers

Space-constrained applications like office LANs

High-density capabilities with an RJ-style latch mechanism

Cost-effective solution for densely populated network environments

Question 16

What is the purpose of the MPO Connector?

Answer 16

Designed for multiple fibers in a single connector

High-density applications such as data centers and high-speed networks

Enables quick and efficient connections, crucial for rapid scalability

Question 17

Request for Comments (RFCs)

Answer 17

A formal publication from the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)

Question 18

RFC 1918

Answer 18

○ Defines ranges for the private IP addresses
○ Private IP Ranges
■ Class A – 10.x.x.x (e.g., 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255)
■ Class B – 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x (e.g., 172.16.0.0 -
172.31.255.255)
■ Class C – 192.168.x.x (e.g., 192.168.0.0 -
192.168.255.255)

Question 19

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) Notation

Answer 19

■ Provides a shorthand for expressing subnet masks

EX: /27

Question 20

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Answer 20

■ Allows subnets of various sizes to be used within a larger network
■ Enhances flexibility in subnetting by accommodating different network
requirements

Question 21

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Routing Protocol

Answer 21

● An external gateway protocol
● Uses PATH VECTOR and autonomous system hops for routing
decisions
● Backbone protocol of the internet
● Slow convergence time

Question 22

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Answer 22

● Another interior gateway protocol
● Uses LINK STATE and cost for routing decisions
○ Cost is based on link speed
● Faster convergence than RIP

Question 23

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Answer 23

● ADVANCED DISTANCE VECTOR protocol
● Hybrid of distance vector and link state
● Uses bandwidth, delay, and cost for routing decisions
● A Cisco-developed upgrade to OSPF that is popular in Cisco-only
networks
- Port 88

Question 24

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Answer 24

■ Conserves limited IPv4 addresses by translating private IPs into public IPs

Question 25

Port Address Translation (PAT)

Answer 25

■ Allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address by using different port numbers to differentiate traffic ■ Many-to-one translation

Question 26

First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP)

Answer 26

■ Group of protocols ensuring network reliability by providing automatic failover to a backup router if the primary router fails

Question 27

IP Address Management (IPAM)

Answer 27

A methodology and suite of tools used to plan, track, and manage the IP address space inside a network infrastructure

Question 28

Service Level Agreement (SLA)

Answer 28

● Documented commitment between a service provider and a client ● Defines quality, availability, and responsibilities ● Primarily concerned with supporting and responding to problems within a given time frame ● Outlines responsibilities, guarantees, and warranties for a service and its components ● Can provide predictability in service delivery ● Penalties for not meeting SLA terms depend on the agreement and contract

Question 29

End of Life EOL

Answer 29

Date when a manufacturer will no longer sell a given product

Question 30

End of Support EOS

Answer 30

Last date that a manufacturer will support a given product

Question 31

Recovery Time Objective (RTO)

Answer 31

● Time taken to resume normal business operations ● Goal is to resume operations within a defined time frame (e.g., 60 seconds)

Question 32

Recovery Point Objective (RPO)

Answer 32

● maximum acceptable data loss measured in time. Point which data must be recovered after a diaster - how much data can be lost since the last backup ● Example ○ RPO of 6 hours means data backups should occur at least every 6 hours

Question 33

Mean time to repair

Answer 33

● Average time to repair a network device after failure

Question 34

Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)

Answer 34

● Average time between failures on a device

Question 35

Network Time Protocol (NTP)

Answer 35

■ Used for synchronization of clocks between different computer systems ■ Sends data using UDP packets on port 123

Question 36

Precision Time Protocol (PTP)

Answer 36

■ Used to synchronize clocks throughout the computer network ■ Ideal for networks requiring precise timekeeping

Question 37

Network Time Security Protocol (NTS)

Answer 37

■ An extension of NTP developed to provide cryptographic security for time synchronization ■ Uses TLS and AEAD to ensure secure time synchronization ■ Authenticates the time source and the integrity of received time to prevent malicious tampering

Question 38

GUI

Answer 38

Graphical User INterface for remote control with RDP 3389

Question 39

RADIUS

Answer 39

Centralized administration for authentication Utilizes individual user credentials managed by an authentication server

Question 40

TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus)

Answer 40

Cisco proprietary authentication/authorization TCP (slower than RADIUS) Can be used to independently conduct authentication, authorization, and accounting processes

Question 41

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language)

Answer 41

■ XML-based authentication data exchange ● SSO or federated identity management ● Service provider ● User agent (e.g., web browser) ● Identity provider ■ Example ● Using Google as an identity provider to access a website

Question 42

Evil Twin

Answer 42

■ Attacker sets up own access point with his own internet connection, masquerading as legitimate network

Question 43

VLAN hopping

Answer 43

Exploits misconfigurations to gain unauthorized access to different VLAN

Question 44

Troubleshooting Methodology

Answer 44

■ Step 1 – Identify Problem ■ Step 2 – Establish Theory of Probable Cause ■ Step 3 – Test Theory ■ Step 4 – Establish Plan of Action ■ Step 5 – Implement Solution ■ Step 6 – Verify Full System Functionality ■ Step 7 - Troubleshooting Documentation

Question 45

802.1Q Tagging

Answer 45

802.1Q Tagging ■ Refers to IEEE standard that facilitates the management of multiple VLANs on a single network ■ Essential for VLAN configurations

Question 46

Nslookup

Answer 46

Queries dns servers directly to help verify IP info

Question 47

Infrastructure as a service

Answer 47

Lift and shift migration Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet Company take on premises servers to the cloud