Exam Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Describe the process that occurs when body temperature decreases.
A
When body temperature decreases, blood vessels constrict, shivering occurs, and body heat is conserved.
2
Q
Explain the function of sensory neurons.
A
Sensory neurons lead to the spinal cord and contain various types of stimulus receptors.
3
Q
How are blood cells categorized based on their functions?
A
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and remove CO2; white blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the defense system; platelets (thrombocytes) help in blood clotting; plasma transports nutrients and other substances.
4
Q
Define cellular respiration.
A
Cellular respiration is the process where oxygen and carbohydrates are converted into water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
5
Q
Describe the function of the small intestine in digestion.
A
The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption and further digestion of food.
6
Q
What substance does the liver release and what is its function?
A
The liver releases bile, which emulsifies fats.
7
Q
Describe the function of motor neurons.
A
Motor neurons transmit signals to muscles and glands to carry out responses.
8
Q
Explain the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
A
Cell-mediated immune response is usually more effective against viruses, while humoral immune response is typically used against bacteria.
9
Q
Explain reabsorption in the context of kidney function.
A
Reabsorption is the process where substances move from the filtrate back into the blood.
10
Q
How does a concussion occur?
A
A concussion occurs when the brain hits the skull, causing swelling.
11
Q
What is the difference between antibiotics and vaccinations?
A
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections after exposure, while vaccinations provide protection against viruses prior to exposure.
12
Q
Define enzyme and its role in the body.
A
An enzyme is a substance that regulates chemical reactions in the body.
13
Q
What is the function of the renal pelvis in the urinary system?
A
The renal pelvis acts as a funnel for filtrate to flow into the ureter.
14
Q
Explain the function of capillaries in the nephron.
A
Capillaries in the nephron reabsorb and secrete substances into the nephron.
15
Q
Describe the role of bile in digestion.
A
Bile prevents fat from reassembling, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats.
16
Q
Identify the parts of a neuron responsible for transmitting information to and from the cell body.
A
Dendrites transmit information to the cell body, while the axon transmits information away from the cell body.
17
Q
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
A
The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that controls numerous hormones.
18
Q
Define the term homeostasis.
A
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal balance in the body despite external changes.
19
Q
Identify the parts of a neuron surrounded by a myelin sheath.
A
The axon is surrounded by a myelin sheath.
20
Q
Explain the role of antigens in the immune response.
A
Antigens are presented to T cells to activate the immune response.
21
Q
Explain specific immunity versus non-specific immunity.
A
Specific immunity relies on previous exposure to pathogens, while non-specific immunity does not require prior activation.
22
Q
Describe the process of dialysis.
A
Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes blood from the body, filters it to remove waste, and then returns the cleaned blood back into the body.
23
Q
Do inhalers provide short-term treatment for asthma?
A
Yes, inhalers are used as a short-term treatment for asthma.
24
Q
What is the function of renal pyramids in the kidney?
A
Renal pyramids collect the filtrate from the nephrons.
25
What are the blood vessels wrapped around parts of the nephron called?
The blood vessels wrapped around parts of the nephron are called capillaries.
26
Explain external respiration.
External respiration refers to the gas exchange that takes place between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary.
27
Describe the function of the renal capsule in the kidney.
The renal capsule holds the kidney together and provides a protective layer.
28
What is hypertension and hypotension?
Hypertension is high blood pressure, while hypotension is low blood pressure.
29
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
In a hypertonic solution, a cell shrinks as water moves out of the cell to balance the concentration of solutes.
30
What is the primary enzyme produced in the stomach and what does it break down?
Pepsin is produced in the stomach and it breaks down proteins.
31
What is secretion in the nephron?
Secretion is the addition of substances into the filtrate from the blood.
32
Explain the significance of the spinal cord in control processes.
The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, playing a crucial role in reflexes and motor control.
33
How do inhalers work?
Inhalers work by relaxing the muscles around the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
34
Identify the enzyme released from the salivary glands and its function.
Salivary amylase is released from the salivary glands and breaks down carbohydrates.
35
What is the function of the urethral sphincter?
The urethral sphincter provides voluntary control over the bladder.
36
How do white blood cells contribute to protection in the body?
White blood cells help protect the body by identifying and attacking pathogens and foreign substances.
37
Categorize the following: 'Upon second exposure immediately produce killer T cells.'
This falls under the adaptive immune system / specific category.
38
How does the body respond when temperature increases?
When body temperature increases, blood vessels dilate, sweat is produced, and body heat is lost to the surroundings.
39
What is the function of the brainstem?
The brainstem controls involuntary functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
40
Categorize the following functions of nutrients: Secondary source of energy, Primary source of energy, Maintains body temperature, Growth and repair.
Carbohydrates - Primary source of energy. Protein - Growth and repair. Fats - Secondary source of energy and maintains body temperature.
41
What are villi and microvilli, and where are they located?
Villi and microvilli are structures located in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
42
Explain the function of a catalyst in chemical reactions.
A catalyst speeds up the rate of reactions.
43
Explain the role of the renal cortex in kidney function.
The renal cortex contains the nephrons where the filtration of blood occurs.
44
Explain the significance of dendrites in a neuron.
Dendrites are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that transmit information to the cell body.
45
Explain the role of the small intestine in digestion.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients and digestive enzymes are added from the pancreas.
46
Describe the function of the epiglottis during digestion.
The epiglottis closes over the trachea to prevent food from going into the lungs.
47
Differentiate between antigens and antibodies.
Antigens are markers on cells, while antibodies are proteins that search for and bind to foreign antigens in the body.
48
Explain the function of antibodies in organ transplant rejection.
Antibodies recognize foreign antigens present on transplanted organs, leading to an immune response that can result in organ rejection.
49
Define the function of killer T cells.
Killer T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, are responsible for killing viral infections.
50
How does an oxygen molecule travel from the mouth to being exhaled as CO2?
The path is: Mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pulmonary capillary, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, artery, capillary, cell, mitochondria, become CO2, capillary, vein, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, mouth.
51
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Systolic pressure occurs when the ventricles contract, while diastolic pressure occurs when the ventricles relax.
52
Explain the function of the urethra in excretion.
The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
53
List the six nutrients and provide one function for each.
1. Water - universal solvent. 2. Carbohydrates - energy. 3. Fats - taste and energy. 4. Protein - growth and repair. 5. Vitamins - support various bodily functions. 6. Minerals - important for bones and teeth.
54
Differentiate between the trachea and the esophagus.
The trachea is for oxygen and CO2 exchange, while the esophagus is for food and connects to the stomach.
55
What are the four steps in mechanical digestion?
1. Mastication - chewing. 2. (Additional steps not provided in the content).
56
Explain the role of the urethra in the excretory system.
The urethra is responsible for the exit of filtrate from the body.
57
What is the role of platelets in transportation?
Platelets are involved in blood clotting, helping to prevent bleeding by forming clots at injury sites.
58
Explain the significance of the adrenal gland in control processes.
The adrenal gland produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress reactions.
59
Where in the nephron is ADH added, and what is its function?
ADH is added in the collecting duct, where it functions to reabsorb water.
60
Differentiate between a virus and bacteria.
A virus enters the cell and is best prevented with a vaccine, while bacteria do not enter cells and can be killed with antibiotics.
61
Define the role of the pituitary gland in water regulation.
The pituitary gland releases ADH when water concentration in the blood decreases, promoting water reabsorption.
62
Describe internal respiration.
Internal respiration is the gas exchange that occurs between cells and capillaries.
63
Differentiate between macrophages and neutrophils.
Macrophages engulf pathogens and pass on antigens, while neutrophils also engulf pathogens but die in the process.
64
Identify the substances that shouldn’t be found in urine.
Amino Acids and Glucose shouldn’t be found in urine as they are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
65
Define the blood-brain barrier.
The blood-brain barrier is a physical barrier around the brain that prevents some substances, including certain medicines, from entering.
66
Describe the function of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
67
How do helper T cells function in the immune system?
Helper T cells assist in activating other immune cells and coordinating the immune response to infections.
68
Define isotonic solution and its effect on cells.
An isotonic solution has equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water and maintaining cell shape.
69
How does dehydration affect the body during exercise?
Dehydration occurs when you sweat out water without drinking, leading to decreased water concentration in the blood.
70
What factors can increase blood pressure?
Exercise, caffeine, stress, high LDL cholesterol levels, and obesity can all increase blood pressure.
71
Explain the role of the hypothalamus in body temperature regulation.
The hypothalamus helps regulate body temperature by signaling the body to either conserve or dissipate heat.
72
Describe the function of the trachea in the respiratory system.
The trachea is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, connecting the larynx to the lungs.
73
Describe the function of the urinary bladder.
The urinary bladder holds filtrate prior to its exit from the body.
74
Define hemoglobin and its significance in blood.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, giving blood its red color.
75
Explain the role of the brainstem in control processes.
The brainstem regulates vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
76
What is the role of plasma cells?
Plasma cells are responsible for killing bacteria.
77
Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
Capillaries are one cell thick and facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
78
Describe the order in which food passes through the digestive system, assuming it is not absorbed and ends up as feces.
Teeth, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
79
What is the mechanical digestion process that occurs in the mouth?
Mastication, or chewing, breaks food into smaller pieces.
80
Define the term effector in the context of homeostasis.
An effector is a component that makes changes to correct a problem and restore balance in the body.
81
What is the order of biological organization from smallest to largest?
The order is organelle, cell, tissue, organ.
82
Define filtration as it pertains to the nephron.
Filtration is the process where substances are removed from the blood into the nephron.
83
Explain the role of cerebrospinal fluid.
Cerebrospinal fluid allows the brain to float, providing cushioning and support.
84
Describe the role of the pancreas in digestion.
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones, aiding in the breakdown of food in the small intestine.
85
What is the normal range for blood pressure?
The normal range for blood pressure is 90-120/60-80.
86
What is the role of interneurons?
Interneurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and process information between sensory and motor neurons.
87
What is the function of red blood cells in transportation?
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
88
Identify a major disease that has been eradicated by vaccination.
Smallpox is a major disease that has been eradicated through vaccination efforts.
89
List the components of the Central Nervous System.
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord.
90
Categorize the following: 'Engulf using a process called phagocytosis.'
This falls under the innate immune system / non-specific category.
91
Describe the role of the diaphragm in respiration.
The diaphragm is a muscle that contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing by changing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
92
List the functions of the kidney.
The kidney controls blood pressure, filters the blood, and regulates the pH of blood.
93
What is the function of the gall bladder in digestion?
The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile, which is released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.
94
Describe the process of diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
95
Explain the difference between the left and right sides of the heart.
The left side of the heart is stronger and has a thicker wall, particularly in the left ventricle, because it pumps blood to the entire body.
96
Explain the role of the renal medulla in the nephron.
The renal medulla contains the loop of Henle, which controls the water concentration of the filtrate.
97
Identify the three enzymes produced by the pancreas and their functions.
1. Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. 2. Trypsin - breaks down proteins into amino acids. 3. Lipase - breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
98
How does the immune system increase the permeability of capillaries?
The immune system increases capillary permeability to allow more white blood cells to engage pathogens.
99
Differentiate between the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems.
The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary functions, while the Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary movements.
100
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not require energy and moves substances from high to low concentration.
101
What factors can decrease blood pressure?
Long-term exercise, beta blockers, diuretics, increased HDL cholesterol, and shock can decrease blood pressure.
102
Explain the process that occurs when water concentration in the blood decreases.
Osmoreceptors in the Hypothalamus send a message to the pituitary gland, which releases ADH, leading to water reabsorption in the blood and a feeling of thirst.
103
Define the term 'alveoli' in the context of respiration.
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
104
What causes asthma?
Asthma is caused by a tightening of the bronchi and bronchioles, primarily due to air pollution or environmental factors.
105
How does aging affect blood pressure?
As we age, blood vessels become less elastic, which can lead to increased blood pressure.
106
Describe the function of the ureter in the excretory system.
The ureter sends filtrate from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
107
Define the purpose of immune suppressing medication for organ recipients.
Immune suppressing medication is taken by organ recipients to prevent their immune system from attacking the transplanted organ.
108
Explain the differences between arteries and veins.
Arteries have thick muscular walls and carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins have thinner walls, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and contain one-way valves.
109
Describe the substances that should be found in urine.
Water, Salt, Urea, and Creatinine should be found in urine.
110
What is ammonia converted into in the liver, and why?
Ammonia is mainly converted into urea in the liver because ammonia is toxic.
111
What happens to white blood cells in the presence of HIV/AIDS?
HIV/AIDS greatly reduces the number of certain white blood cells.
112
Define excretion in relation to kidney function.
Excretion is the final process where filtered substances are expelled from the body.
113
List three long-term consequences of multiple concussions.
Memory loss, mental illness, and headaches.
114
Describe the role of Natural Killer cells in the immune system.
Natural Killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a crucial role in the innate immune response by identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells.
115
Describe the function of the gall bladder in digestion.
The gall bladder stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.
116
Differentiate between arthritis and allergies.
Arthritis is a false immune response occurring inside the body, while allergies are a false immune response to external stimuli.
117
Explain the difference between a heart attack and a stroke.
A heart attack is caused by a blockage in the blood supply to the heart, while a stroke is caused by a blockage in the blood supply to the brain.
