Exam 1b

Question 1

3 functions of afferent nerve supply of the muscle?

Answer 1

1. Coordination
2. Pain
3. Proprioception

Question 2

Proprioception

Answer 2

A category of sense organs found within the musculoskeletal-skeletal system

Question 3

Loss of proprioception

Answer 3

Loss of both conscious and unconscious information as to what muscles are doing what(clumsy,guided by sight)

Question 4

Muscle spindles

Answer 4

Ex of proprioceptors

• fluid filled sac which contains specialized muscle fibers known as intrafusal muscle fibers
• • detect stretch in muscle
• • considered third most complex sense organ (after eyes and ears)

Question 5

Intrafusal vs extrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 5

Inside vs outside muscle fibers

Question 6

Origin

Answer 6

End of the muscle which attaches to the more or less stationary part of skeleton

Question 7

Insertion

Answer 7

End of the muscle attached to the portion of skeleton which moves when the muscle contracts

Question 8

Tendon

Answer 8

Connective tissue of muscle which attaches to bone

• composed of of collagen fiber
• • arrangement of collagen fiber gives muscle tensile strength

Question 9

Tensile strength

Answer 9

Load necessary to rupture a given material when pulled in the direction of its length and allows muscle to withstand considerable amounts of pressure

Question 10

Advantages of tendons

Answer 10

1. Improve leverage by concentrating the force of muscle on a small area
2. Economize space and maintain limb conformity
3. Acts as a damping tissue to absorb shock and limit potential to bone and muscle
4. Flexible so that they can bend at joints

Question 11

Sharpey’s fibers

Answer 11

Collagen fibers which connect the tendon to bone

Question 12

Avulsion fx

Answer 12

When a fragment of bone is pulled out with the collagen fibers(sharpes)

Question 13

Vascular supply of tendons

Answer 13

Varies from fairly good supply to almost avascular

• tendon portion not as well vascularized as muscle fibers
• better the blood supply quicker the healing

Question 14

Bursa

Answer 14

Lubricating devices that will develop between the tendon and another structure (limit friction/inflammation)
- can be pathway for infections to joint cavities

Question 15

Superficial Fascia

Answer 15

Lies deep to the skin and contains blood vessels, lymphatic, nerves and varying amounts of adipose tissue

Question 16

Deep fascia 4 types

Answer 16

1. Epimysium - an investing layer around a muscle
2. General deep fascia - an investing layer around a group of muscles
3. Inter muscular septum - between individual muscles
4. Retinaculum - a thickened band of deep fascia which is found at joints and functions to bind down tendons and nerves that cross the joint

Question 17

Parallel fibers in muscle

Answer 17

Fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the long axis (think power type II)

Question 18

Pennate muscle fibers

Answer 18

Fibers run oblique to the long axis of the muscle (think Type I fibers/ endurance)

Question 19

Agonist

Answer 19

Prime mover. Muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular movement

Question 20

Synergists

Answer 20

Assist the prime movers in performing the action by giving more force for a movement, stabilizing a joint which the movers pass over but do not move, or keep the bone origin of the movers steady

Question 21

Antagonist

Answer 21

The muscle that produces the opposite effect from the agonist

Question 22

Reciprocal innervation

Answer 22

When a muscle contracts its antagonist automatically realeases

Question 23

Co-reflex phenomenon

Answer 23

In a newborn agonists and antagonists contract at the same time. Also seen in individuals with sensory nerve damage.

Question 24

Influence of gravity on muscles

Answer 24

Some movement are assisted by it, others have to contend against it.

Question 25

Pathology of the central nervous system

Answer 25

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-affects the muscles

Question 26

Pathology of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 26

Guillan-Barre syndrome - auto immune 50-60% survivability

Question 27

Pathology of neuromuscular system

Answer 27

Myasthenia Gravis / Botulism

Question 28

Pathology to the individual muscle fibers

Answer 28

Muscular dystrophy - series of disorders

Question 29

Ischemic necrosis/ischemia

Answer 29

Is the term used to designate any diminishing of the vascular supply to a muscle, which will result in the loss of muscle fibers within a few hours (may be due to an obstruction or trauma) - ex a stroke or heart attack

Question 30

Contracture

Answer 30

If a muscle remains constricted for a prolonged period of time, it will result in a loss of muscle tissues - ex could develop due. Certain disease; polio, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy)

Question 31

Satellite cells

Answer 31

Regeneration of muscle fibers may occur to some degree, due the activity of satellite cells

Question 32

Aging and skeletal muscle

Answer 32

As we age there is reduction in size of muscles

Question 33

Anatomical parts of the upper extremity

Answer 33

Shoulder (pectoral) girdle - scapula - clavicle Free limb - arm (area between the shoulder joint and elbow joint) - forearm (area between the elbow joint and the wrist joint) - hand (area distal to the wrist)

Question 34

Clavicle characteristics

Answer 34

- s shapes - subcutaneous through out length easily palpable - forms boundary between two well marked depressions - - supraclvicular fossa, superior to the middle 1/3 of the bone - - infrclavicular fossa, inferior to the later 1/3 of the bone - transitional bone between axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 35

Functions of clavicle

Answer 35

- transmit forces from the upper extremity of the axial skeleton - acts as a brace, holding the arm free from the rest of the body

Question 36

Ossification

Answer 36

Process of which the embryonic connective tissue is replaced by bone cells (osteocytes)

Question 37

2 ways ossification occurs

Answer 37

- Intramembranous ossification | - endochondral ossification

Question 38

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 38

In which the bone cells replace a primitive type of connective tissue known as mesenchyme -appear near 5th or 6th week of development

Question 39

Enochondronal ossification

Answer 39

In which bone cells replace a very well developed type of connective tissue known as hyaline cartilage - occurs around 17 years of age one of last bones to complete ossification around 25

Question 40

Most common area of clavicle fx

Answer 40

Near area of first curvature, typically minimally displaced, usually result of direct trauma, could on occasion compromise neurovascular in the area or puncture a lung

Question 41

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

Answer 41

Birth defect effecting bones or teeth in case of the clavicle either missing or placed lower, allows shoulders to be brought closer together like a cat

Question 42

Scapula

Answer 42

Lg triangular flat bone found on posterior aspect of the thoracic cage, located between the first and seventh thoracic vertebrae,

Question 43

What joints does the clavicle help form

Answer 43

The clavicle bones articulate with the Acromidial end of the clavicle to form the acromiaclavicular joint and w/ the head of the numerous to form the shoulder joint

Question 44

Ossification of the scapula

Answer 44

7 ossification centers - 1 primary - 6 secondary