Exam 1c

Question 1

Anatomical arm

Answer 1

Shoulder joint to elbow joint

Question 2

Clinical arm

Answer 2

Acroniom process of the scapula to the distal end of the humerus

Question 3

Spengler deformity

Answer 3

An undescended scapula

Question 4

Os Acromidae

Answer 4

Failure of the Acromidae process to fuse w/the rest of the bone

Question 5

Mammary glands

Answer 5

Paired, cutaneous, sweat glands which are found in both sexes

Question 6

Primary function of mammary gland

Answer 6

Provide nourishment to infant, protect against certain disease in infants

Question 7

Lactiferous duct

Answer 7

Opens into nipple allowing for milk to accumulate

Question 8

Internal anatomy of the mammary gland

Answer 8

• Consists of 15-20 lobes

- lobes are subdived into lobules consisting of alveoli

Question 9

Alveoli

Answer 9

• secretory portion of the glands

- inactive prior to pregnancy

Question 10

Mammary gland at pregnancy

Answer 10

Become enlarged and functional

Question 11

Mammary glands at each menstrual period

Answer 11

Enlarge and are tender

Question 12

Mammary gland at puberty

Answer 12

Increase in size

Question 13

Mammary glands at menopause

Answer 13

Atrophy

Question 14

Estrogen

Answer 14

Is secreted by the ovaries and placenta and promotes the growth of the duct system of the glands

Question 15

Progesterone

Answer 15

Also secreted by the ovaries and placenta, promotes the growth of the secretory cells

Question 16

Prolactin

Answer 16

Which is secreted by the anterior pituitary, promotes the production of milk after birth

Question 17

Oxytocin

Answer 17

Which is secreted by the posterior pituitary, promotes the release of milk

Question 18

Colostrum

Answer 18

Begins to be secreted during the last weeks of of pregnancy through the infants first week
- especially rich in immunoglobins and lactoferrin to impart immune function

Question 19

Transitional milk

Answer 19

Present from about day 6-15

- lower immunoglobin than colostrum but higher lactose and fat

Question 20

Mature milk

Answer 20

From about day 15 to weaning

-88% water, 7% lactose, 4% fat, 1% protein

Question 21

Blood supply of mammary gland

Answer 21

Extensively vascularized, as well as extensive lymphatic supply (important for metastasis of cancer cell)

Question 22

Developmental anomalies of the mammary gland

Answer 22

1. Inverted nipple

2. Supernumerary nipples(extra)

Question 23

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 23

Tumors in mammary gland that usually occur in the epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts

Question 24

2 factors that may increase breast cancer

Answer 24

1. Family history

2. Not having a child or waiting past 35

Question 25

Signs of breast cancer

Answer 25

Lumps, dimpling of the skin, nipple retraction, and discharge

Question 26

Chronic cystic mastitis

Answer 26

- Benign tumor much more common than cancerous growth - rounded nodules painful to touch - occur after menstrual cycle and during periods of hormonal irregularities - difficult to distinguish benign cyst from cancerous growth requiring mammography, ultrasound, and aspiration

Question 27

Transmission of medicine in breast milk

Answer 27

Anything consumed by the mother will end up in some concentration in her breast milk

Question 28

Ossification centers of the humerus

Answer 28

- 1 primary - - shaft develops early in fetal development - 7 secondary - - occur after birth to late adolescents - - - head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, capitulation, and trochlea

Question 29

Fx at the surgical neck may damage

Answer 29

The Axillary nerve and humeral circumflex blood vessels

Question 30

Fx at the shaft may damage

Answer 30

The radial nerve

Question 31

Fx at the distal end of the bone may damage

Answer 31

The median and ulnar nerves, and brachial blood vessels

Question 32

Common fx of the humerus when falling on the hand or shoulders

Answer 32

Avulsion fx of the greater tubercle

Question 33

Most common humerus fx

Answer 33

Fx of the shaft occur usually from direct trauma

Question 34

Movement of the scapula | - elevation

Answer 34

Upward movement of the scapula while the scapula remains approximately parallel to the vertebral column

Question 35

Movement of the scapula | - depression

Answer 35

The return to normal position from an elevation

Question 36

Movement of the scapula | - Abduction/protraction

Answer 36

A lateral movement of the scapula away from the vertebral column with the medial border remaining parallel to the column

Question 37

Movement of the scapula | - adduction/retraction

Answer 37

A medial movement of the scapula toward the vertebral column

Question 38

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - flexion

Answer 38

Forward movement of the humerus

Question 39

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - extension

Answer 39

Backward movement of the humerus

Question 40

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - abduction

Answer 40

Movement of the humerus laterally away from the body

Question 41

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - adduction

Answer 41

Movement of brining the humerus back toward the body

Question 42

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - Medial rotation

Answer 42

The humerus turned inward

Question 43

Movement of the humerus at the shoulder joint | - circumduction

Answer 43

Rotational movement at the shoulder joint usually combination of two or more other movements

Question 44

Origin of pectoralis major

Answer 44

Clavicle Sternum External oblique muscle

Question 45

Insertion of pectoralis major

Answer 45

Lateral aspect of the intertubercular groove

Question 46

Action of the entire pectoralis major

Answer 46

- adduction and medial rotation of humerus

Question 47

Action of the clavicle portion of pectoralis major

Answer 47

Flexes humerus at the shoulder joint

Question 48

Action at the sternocostal portion

Answer 48

Extends humerus at the shoulder joint

Question 49

Origin of pectoralis minor

Answer 49

Ribs 3-5

Question 50

Insertion of pectoralis minor

Answer 50

Coracoid process/scapula

Question 51

Action of the pectoralis minor

Answer 51

- involved with protraction and abduction of the scapula | - elevates the rib cage and thus involved w/forced inspiration