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Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is the behavioral psychologists perspective

A

learning through classical and operant conditioning

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

learning where one stimulus signals another

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3
Q

What other name does classical conditioning have

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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4
Q

How did pavlov study classical conditioning

A

with dogs, taught them to salivate at the sound of a bell

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5
Q

What are neutral, unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

A

neutral- does not create a response
unconditional stimulus- automatically elicits a response
unconditional response- response that is automatically elicited by stimulus

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6
Q

What is conditioned stimulus and conditioned response, which is the tone and which is the salivating to the tone

A

conditioned stimulus-creates a new response (tone)

conditioned response- response due to a stimulus (salivating to tone)

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7
Q

After pairing the white rat with the unexpected loud noise only seven times, the white rat became a _____.

A

conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning extinction

A

disappearance of the conditioning response when the un conditioning stimulus no longer follows the conditioning stimulus

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9
Q

What is classical conditioning spontaneous recovery

A

during extinction, the conditioning response returns

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10
Q

dog barks at doorbell so they also bark at phone is an example of

A

stimulus generalization- conditioning response to a similar conditioning stimulus

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11
Q

ex dog over time learns to distinguish doorbell from phone is an example of

A

stimulus discrimination=learning to give conditioning response only to the conditioning stimulus or really similar stimulus.

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12
Q

What is acquisition in classical conditioning

A

acquiring new response to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

learning to associate behaviors with their consequences

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14
Q

Behaviors that are reinforced____

A

are strengthened

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15
Q

Behaviors that are punished ______

A

are weakened

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16
Q

What did skinner study

A

operant conditioning with rats, shocks and treats

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17
Q

What is positive and negative reinforcement

A

+ when you add something pleasing

- when you remove something displeasing

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18
Q

What is positive and negative punishment

A

+ add something displeasing

- take away something pleasing

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19
Q

What are appetitive and aversive stimulus

A

appetitive- pleasing stimulus

aversive-unpleasing stimulus

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20
Q

Giving someone food, money or gifts is an example of

A

positive reinforcement

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21
Q

Taking away homework is an example of

A

negative reinforcement

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22
Q

Giving a rat an electrical shock is an example of

A

positive punishment

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23
Q

Taking away a toy from a child is an example of

A

negative punishment

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24
Q

What is the Premack principle example with video games and studying

A

when a very frequent behavior reinforces a less frequent behavior, reward yourself for studying by allowing yourself to play video games

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25
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement
primary- reinforcers that everyone has like food, social contact secondary reinforcement-becomes reinforcement through learning, by classical conditioning
26
Money as a reinforcer is an example of
secondary reinforcement
27
What is an example of shaping
reinforcing a child the closer they come to making their bed
28
Define Asquisition
strengthening of the reinforced operant response
29
Define extinction (operant)
disappearance of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced
30
Define spontaneous recovery
temporary recovery of the operant response during extinction training
31
What is discriminative stimulus (operant)
stimulus must be present for the operant response to be reinforced
32
Stimulus generalization (operant)
operant response in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus
33
Rat that learns pressing a lever will result in food when a light is on, but forgets when the light is off.
stimulus discrimination
34
Rat that learns to press the lever for food when the light is a certain shade of red.
stimulus generalization
35
Motivation
internal and external factors that energize behavior and direct it toward goals
36
Drive reduction theory
bodily need creates a state of body tension called drive
37
Incentive theory
we are pulled into action by incentives
38
students are motivated by getting good grades, leading them to work harder
incentive theory
39
Motivation by using food
drive reduction theory
40
Arousal theory
behavior is motivated to maintain a level of arousal.
41
Yerkes-Dodson Law
as arousal increases, the quality of performance increases, until you reach the point of optimal arousal, then it decreases
42
Extrinsic and Intrinsic motivation
extrinsic-desire to perform for external reinforcement or to avoid aversive stimulus intrinsic-desire to perform for its own sake, reinforcement is the activity itself
43
Give an example of why students study for classes, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
intrinsic- enjoyment of the information you are learning | extrinsic-grades
44
What are mirror neurons
neurons that fire when performing an action and when observing someone else perform the same action
45
What was the example we talked about of observational learning
the bobo doll experiment
46
Explain the 3 stage model of memory
1-sensory memory 2-short term memory 3-long term memory all have to be tended to, in order to remember something
47
What type of memory is used for effortful processing
explicit memory
48
What type of memory is used for automatic processing
implicit memory
49
Short term memory
small capacity (7+-2 chunks, brief duration 30 secs
50
maintenance rehearsal
for short term memory, information repeated in order to maintain it
51
memory span
7+-2 (5 to 9 chunks of information)
52
Explain testing short term memory duration with distractor task
people were given small amounts of information, immediately distracted, then asked to recall the information. Recall showed rapid decay with no rehearsal
53
Long term memory
storage of information for long period of time, unlimited capacity
54
sensory memory
large capacity, <1sec for iconic memory, 4-5 secs for echoic memory, < secs for haptic memory
55
explicit memory
declarative memory, long term for factual knowledge, requires conscious recall
56
What are the 2 types of explicit memories
semantic: for factual knowledge and episodic for personal life experiences
57
What is implicit memory
nondeclarative memory, long term that influences behavior, does not require conscious awareness, physical memories or priming (influence on an earlier stimulus)
58
what is an example of something you do with implicit memory
driving a car, walking
59
feeling tense when police car lights are flashing is an example of what type of memory
conditioning
60
for a tennis expert, the movements to play are ___ memories, for an average person to play tennis they use ___ memory
implicit procedural, semantic
61
Where in the brain are explicit memories formed
in the hippocampus
62
where in the brain are implicit memories formed
cerebellum
63
Explain why during infancy neurogenesis levels are high
the hippocampus is developing
64
What are anterograde and retrograde amnesia
anterograde- loss of memory after trauma or brain surgery | retrograde- loss of memory before events like surgery of trauma
65
How can implicit and explicit memory be tested
mirror tracing task,
66
What is the free recall task, explain the resulting primary and recency effect
asked to recall a list of words, primary effect-recall items at start more than the middle, recency effect-recall items at the end more than the middle
67
why is there a primacy and recency effect
primacy- more effort is put into remembering the first few words recency- you just heard it, so you remember it better.
68
encoding
transferring information from memory stage to the next
69
storage
maintaining information in a particular stage
70
retrieval
bringing stored info from long term to short term memory
71
effortful and automatic processing
effortful-needs consciousness and attention | automatic-subconsciously and does not require attention
72
What are the 3 levels of processing
physical- how info appears, size, shape acoustic-how the info sounds semantic-what info means
73
Elaborative rehearsal
rehearsing information by relating new info with long term memory
74
Self reference effect
memory for info you have related to yourself
75
encoding specificity principle
cues present during encoding serve as best cues for retrieval.
76
State dependent memory
depends on similarity if physiological state at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval.
77
mood dependent memory effect
memory is better when a persons mood is the same during encoding and retrieval
78
mood congruence effect
experience that are congruent with a person's mood
79
You are happy during encoding information, you can retrieve that information easier if you are happy.
example of mood dependent memory
80
When you are sad its easier to retrieve negative memories from events in our lives
mood congruence effect
81
Mnemonics
memory aids that require elaborative rehearsal
82
method of loci
information associated with sequential locations in a familiar room or location
83
Peg word system
items remembered with visual associated information in a jingle
84
True or false, distributed is better than cramming
true, because of the spacing effect
85
What are 2 other ways to enhance memory
overlearning, practice, testing
86
recall
requires reproduction of info without retrieval cues.
87
Recognition
requires ID of info in the presence of retrieval cues
88
What did Ebbinghaus do
experimental memory studies, created forgetting curve, nonsense syllables,
89
Storage decay theory
forgetting occurs because of a problem in the storage of the information
90
How do you keep information in storage
by using it periodically
91
______ theory is analagous to knowing a book is in the library but you cannot access it because the library lacks call numbers
Cue dependent theory
92
interference theory
other similar information interferes and makes the forgotten information inaccessible
93
proactive interference
when info you already know makes it hard to retrieve old info
94
retroactive information
information you just learned makes it hard to retrieve old memories
95
Changing phone numbers after having your old one for many years, when asked for your number you remember the old one then the new one
proactive interference
96
being at a party with people you dont know. you meet someone but afterwards you are introduced to other people,. you cant remember her name anymore
retroactive interference
97
prior French words disrupts memory for new Spanish words
proactive interference
98
new learning in Spanish disrupts old learning from English
retroactive learning
99
Retrieval reconstruction
can be guided by schemas (organized frameworks of knowledge can make us assume or misremember things
100
Source misattribution and misinformation
when we dont remember the true source of a memory, can create false memories

Psychology (6 decks)

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