Exam 3

Question 1

What is developmental psychology

Answer 1

study of biological, cognitive, social and personality development throughout the lifespan

Question 2

What are nature versus nurture questions

Answer 2

questions that ask if our traits come from heredity or the environment

Question 3

What are the developmental stages in a human’s lifespan

Answer 3

prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood.

Question 4

What is Piaget’s mehodology

Answer 4

loosely structured interviews that posed problems for children to solve. observed their actions and questioned them about their solutions

Question 5

What are schemas

Answer 5

organized units of knowledge about objects, events and actions.

Question 6

What are the 2 processes of cognitive adaptation

Answer 6

assimilation: interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemes
accommodation: modification of present schemes to fit new experiences

Question 7

If a child calls all four legged animals doggie, the neighbors cat may be called a doggie. This is an example of

Answer 7

assimilation, all animals with four legs as doggie.

Question 8

A child that calls only one type of four legged creature a dog is an example of

Answer 8

accommodation

Question 9

According to Piaget, older children are smarter than younger children because

Answer 9

Their schema are more complex

Question 10

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 10

sensorimotor- birth to 2 years
preoperational- 2 to 6 years
concrete operational- 6 to 12 years
formal operational- 12 years through adulthood

Question 11

Describe the first stage of cognitive development

Answer 11

sensorimotor- birth to 2 years old

use of senses and motor abilities to learn about the world, develop object permanence

Question 12

Describe the second stage of cognitive development

Answer 12

Preoperational- 2 to 6 years
use of symbolic thinking to understand the world but remain egocentric and lack mental operations that allow for logical thinking

Question 13

Describe the third stage of operational development

Answer 13

concrete operational: 6 to 12 years
Gain cognitive thinking for logical and concrete events, understand conversation, math operations, cannot reason abstractly

Question 14

Describe the 4th stage of operational thinking

Answer 14

formal operational- further development of cognitive operations enable adolescents to engage in abstract and hypothetical thinking and deductive reasoning

Question 15

What is object permanence

Answer 15

knowledge that an object exists independent of perceptual contact.

Question 16

What is egocentrism

Answer 16

the inability to distinguish one’s own perceptions thoughts and feelings from those of others. cannot perceive someone else’s perspective.

Question 17

A child at the _____ stage can pretend, imagine, and engage in make believe play

Answer 17

preoperational

Question 18

A child that at the ______ stage, is difficult to have conversations with

Answer 18

preoperational

Question 19

A child at the ____ stage is egocentric

Answer 19

preoperational stage

Question 20

A child at the _____ stage will not understand that an object still exists just because they cannot see it

Answer 20

lack of object permanence, sensorimotor stage

Question 21

A child that is at the _____ stage, can have fuller conversations but only about concrete events

Answer 21

concrete operational

Question 22

How are conversations tested by Paige

Answer 22

through tests of continuous quantity, numbers, mass, and length.

Question 23

How would a preoperational child respond to the question: 2 sticks of identical length, move one stick to the right, which one is longer

Answer 23

the stick to the right is longer

Question 24

What are some of the problems with Piaget’s theory

Answer 24

abilities might develop earlier or later than he proposed, not all people reach formal operational thought, does not consider the impact of culture and social environment.

Question 25

``` Joseph is 4 years old. His mother cuts his sandwich in half but leaves her own sandwich whole. Joseph tells his mother that he has more sandwich than she does because he has 2 pieces. Joseph is most likely in which stage of cognitive development: A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational ```

Answer 25

preoperational

Question 26

What did Vygotsky theorize about the sociocultural approach to development

Answer 26

cognitive abilities develop through interactions with others and represent the shared knowledge of one's culture.

Question 27

What is the zone of proximal development

Answer 27

the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child could do with the help of others

Question 28

What is scaffolding

Answer 28

adjusts the level of help in relation to the child's level of performance, while directing the child's learning progress toward the upper level of

Question 29

What is cross sectional study

Answer 29

People of different ages are studied and compared with one another.

Question 30

Studies consistently find that intelligence ____ with age

Answer 30

declines

Question 31

What is longitudinal study ?

Answer 31

the same people are studied over a long period of time

Question 32

Most intellectual abilities ___ by age 60, but the ____ is not great until a person reaches age ___ or more

Answer 32

decline, decline, 80

Question 33

What was the question to be answered in the Seattle Longitudinal study

Answer 33

if intelligence declines with age

Question 34

According to the Seattle Longitudinal study, how can we stay intelligent with age

Answer 34

stay healthy, be of higher socioeconomic status, stay in intellectually stimulating environments

Question 35

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cross sectional study

Answer 35

advantage: not time consuming or expensive disadvantage: possible that differences in performance is caused by generational differences (cohort effect)

Question 36

What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal studies

Answer 36

advantages: no possibility of cohort effect disadvantages: really time consuming, expensive, repetitive, possibly affected results by changes over time

Question 37

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning

Answer 37

there are three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional and post conventional

Question 38

What other theory did Kohlberg build his theory on

Answer 38

Piagetian theory

Question 39

How did Kohlberg test his theory

Answer 39

used a series of stories that involved moral dilemmas to asses moral reasoning

Question 40

A person who is punishment oriented: complies with rules to avoid punishment, shows what level of Kohlberg's stages of morality

Answer 40

level 1 preconventional- stage 1

Question 41

A person who is good-girl/ good-boy orientated- engages in behavior to get approval of others. Shows what level of Kohlberg's stages of morality

Answer 41

Level 2 Conventional morality: Stage 3

Question 42

A person who obeys rules because they are necessary for social order, but understands rules are relative, shows what stage of Kohlberg's stages of morality

Answer 42

Level 3 postconventional morality stage 5 | social contract orientation:

Question 43

A person who is | reward oriented: complies with rules to obtain rewards, shows what level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning

Answer 43

level 1 preconventional stage 2

Question 44

A person who's behavior is guided by duty to uphold laws and rules, shows what level of Kohlberg's stages of morality

Answer 44

Level 2 Conventional morality stage 4

Question 45

A person who is concerned about self condemnation for violating universal ethical principles based on human rights, shows what stage of Kohlberg's stages of morality

Answer 45

Level 3 postconventional stage 6 universal ethical principles orientation:

Question 46

Place these stages of morality in order - social contract oriented - reward oriented - universal ethical principles oriented - law and order oriented - good girl/ good boy oriented - punishment oriented

Answer 46

``` 5-social contract oriented 2-reward oriented 6-universal ethical principles oriented 4-law and order oriented 3-good girl/ good boy oriented 1-punishment oriented ```

Question 47

What are the main issues with Kohlberg's theory

Answer 47

studies moral reasoning but not behavior, did not represent morality of women, higher stages are biased towards western culture

Question 48

Explain what attachment means

Answer 48

emotional bond between infants and their mother or caregiver, formed during first 6 months of life.

Question 49

How was attachment studied by Harlow

Answer 49

separated infant monkeys from mothers at birth, monkeys received nourishment from milk with wire and cloth.

Question 50

Explain the result of Harlow's experiments

Answer 50

monkeys preferred cloth mother regardless of where they got their milk from

Question 51

What are the types of attachment relationships and who devised them

Answer 51

insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant, insecure-disorganized, and secure Ainsworth

Question 52

How were the 4 types of attachment relationships discovered

Answer 52

the strange situation, infants would play with toys while mother moved in and out of room

Question 53

Infant explores situation freely in presence of mother but displays distress when mother leaves, and responds enthusiastically when mother returns What type of attachment is this

Answer 53

secure

Question 54

Infant explores with minimal interest in the mother, shows little distress when the mother leaves, and avoids her when she returns What type of attachment is this

Answer 54

insecure avoidant attachment

Question 55

Infant seeks closeness to mother and does not explore situation; high level of distress when the mother leaves and ambivalent behavior when she returns by alternately clinging to and pushing away from her

Answer 55

insecure- ambivalent attachement

Question 56

Infant shows confusion when the mother leaves and when she returns; acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping what type of attachment is this

Answer 56

insecure-disorganized disoriented attachment

Question 57

How can caregivers help infants develop secure attachment

Answer 57

must be sensitive and responsive, depends on temperament of infant and personality of caregiver

Question 58

Is Day Care Detrimental to the Formation of Secure Attachments and to Cognitive and Social Development?

Answer 58

no, the effects are moderated, the quality of daycare matters.

Question 59

What are the characteristics of high quality care

Answer 59

attention to each child, encouragement of development, attention to health and safety, experience of caregivers, warm and responsive care

Question 60

True or False: The effects of daycare are moderated by the age of the child, the number of hours, and the quality of the day care

Answer 60

True

Question 61

What are the 4 styles of parenting and who created them

Answer 61

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved | Baumrind

Question 62

A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children

Answer 62

authoritarian

Question 63

A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding but set rational limits for their children and communicate well with their children

Answer 63

authoritative

Question 64

A style of parenting in which the parents make few demands and are overly responsive to their children's desires, letting their children do pretty much as they please.

Answer 64

Permissive

Question 65

A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them and provide for their children's basic needs, but little else.

Answer 65

uninvolved

Question 66

Children do not typically develop ______ before the age of 4

Answer 66

theory of mind: understanding of the mental and emotional states of ourselves and others

Question 67

Children with ____ do not develop theory of mind

Answer 67

autism

Question 68

Explain Eirkson's psychosocial theory of stages of development

Answer 68

divides lifespan into 8 stages of development - trust vs mistrust - autonomy vs shame and doubt- - initiative vs guilt - industry vs inferiority - identity vs role confusion - intimacy vs isolation - generativity vs stagnation - integrity vs despair

Question 69

Infants learn that they can or cannot trust others to take care of their basic needs is which is Erickson's stages

Answer 69

trust vs mistrust

Question 70

Children learn to be self- sufficient in many activities such as toilet training, walking, and exploring. If restrained too much, they learn to doubt their abilities and feel shame

Answer 70

autonomy vs shame

Question 71

Children learn to assume more responsibility by taking initiative but will feel guilty if they overstep limits set by parents

Answer 71

initiative vs guilt

Question 72

Children learn to be competent by mastering new intellectual, social, and physical skills or feel inferior if they fail to develop these skills

Answer 72

industry vs inferiority

Question 73

Adolescents develop a sense of identity by experimenting with different roles. No role experimentation may result in role confusion

Answer 73

identity vs role confusion

Question 74

Middle-aged adults feel they are helping the next generation through their work and child rearing, or they stagnate because they feel that they are not helping

Answer 74

generativity vs stagnation

Question 75

Older adults assess their lives and develop a sense of integrity if they find their lives have been meaningful, and a sense of despair if their lives do not seem meaningful

Answer 75

integrity vs despair

Question 76

What are the problems with Erickson's stages of development theory

Answer 76

lack of solid experimental data to support it

Question 77

Paiget

Answer 77

theory of cognitive development, problems and solution

Question 78

Kohlberg

Answer 78

theory of moral reasoning, preconventional conventional and post conventional

Question 78

Vygotsky

Answer 78

sociocultural development

Question 79

Harlow

Answer 79

Attachment, monkeys

Question 80

Ainsworth

Answer 80

strange situation, 4 attachment styles

Question 81

Baumrind

Answer 81

4 styles of parenting

Question 82

Erickson

Answer 82

stages of psychosocial development. Two sides of an issue