Exam 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is the skin and what does it do?
A
the skin is an organ that insulates, cushions, protects, prevents water loss and regulates the body temperature
2
Q
Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membtanous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space
A
Stratum Corneum
3
Q
One to fiver layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratohyaline granules
A
Stratum Granuiosum
4
Q
Several layer of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
A
Stratum Spinosum
5
Q
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively miotic stem cells, som newly formed cells become apart of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells
A
Stratum Basale
6
Q
Accessory Organs of the Skin
A
Nails, Hair, Cutaneous glands
7
Q
What are the two different cutaneous glands
A
Sudoriferous and sebaceous
8
Q
Artho-
A
Joint
9
Q
Syn-
A
With or together
10
Q
Sym-
A
a variation of syn - a growing together
11
Q
Di-
A
Two or double
12
Q
Amphi-
A
Two or both
13
Q
-Arthroses
A
Articulation or joint
14
Q
-Chondro
A
Cartilage
15
Q
-Hold bones together
- allow body movements
A
Articulations
16
Q
What are the three structural types of joints
A
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
17
Q
What are the three functional types of joints
A
Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthoses
18
Q
Synarthroses
A
Immovable ( axial skeleton - both cartilaginous and fibrous)
19
Q
Amphiarthroses
A
Slightly moveable ( axial skeleton - cartilaginous )
20
Q
Diarthroses
A
Freely moveable ( limbs - synovial )
21
Q
What are fibrous Joints
A
- they have NO joint cavity
- Immovable
- major types
1. Suture joints
2. Syndesmoses
3. gomphosis
22
Q
very short connective tissue fibers held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges (found only in skull)
A
suture joints
23
Q
short ligament of dense fibers
Joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissues can very in length but is longer than sutures
A
Syndesmoses
24
Q
Short peridontal ligament
A
Gomphosis
25
cartilaginous joints
- most are slightly moveable
- No joint cavity
- two main types: Synchondroses and symphyses
26
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
synchondroses
27
bones united by fibrocartilage
symphyses
28
- Freely moveable
- joint cavity containing fluid
Synovial joints
29
Types of synovial joints
1. plane
2. hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket
30
Allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
eg. inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints
plane
31
Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) - flexion and extension
eg. elbow and interphalangeal
Hinge
32
Basic Structure of the Skin
An epidermis made of epithelium
A dermis made of connective tissue
33
What are the two layers that make up the dermal papillae
Papillary layer and the reticular layer
34
Allows rotational movement in 1 axis
e.g Proximal radioulnar joint and the joint between the atlas and axis
Pivot
35
Allows biaxial movements in 2 planes
e.g wrist (radiocarpa) and knuckles
condyloid
36
Allows movement in 2 planes
Saddle
37
Allows multiaxial movement
Ball and Socket
e.g Shoulder and hip joints
38
Decreases the angle of joint. reduces distance between two bones
Flexion
39
Increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between two bones
Extension
40
Increasing angle greater than 180 degrees
Hyperextension
41
Dorsiflexion
Foot move upwards
42
Foot moes downward
Plantar flexion
43
limb moves away from the middline
Abduction
44
Limb moves toward the midline
Adduction
45
Move bone arounds it longitudial axis
Rotation
46
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Circumduction
47
Radius and ulnar move parallel
Supination
48
Radius moves across ulna
Pronation
49
Turn foot medial
Inversion
50
Turn foot laterally
Eversion
51
anterior movement in a transverse plane
Protraction
52
Posteriror movement in a transverse plane
Retraction
53
Moving abody part superiorly
Elevation
54
Moveing a body part inferiorly
Depression
55
Touch thumb to finger tips - made possible by thumb saddle joint
oppposition
56
What are the articulating bones of the skull
Cranial and Facial bones
57
What structural type is the skull
Fibrous; suture
58
What movements are allow in the skull
Synarthrotic; no Movement
59
What are the articulating bones in the tempromandibular joint
temporal bone if the skull and the mandible
60
What strucutral type is the tempromandibular joint?
Synovial; modified hinge
61
What is the functional type / movements allowed in the temporomandibular join
Diarthrotics; gliding uniaxial, rotiation etc
62
What ar the articulating bones in the Atlantoaxial joints
Occipital bone of skull and atlas
63
What is the structural type in the atlantoaxial joint
Synovial; condylar
64
What functional type/ allowed movements are there in the atlantoaxial joint
Diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head
65
What are the articualting bones of the intervretabral joints
Atlas C1 and Axis C2
66
What is the strucutral type for the intervertabral joints
Synovial; pivot
67
what is hte most freely moveable join in the body
The hip joint (ball and socket)
68
what are the ligaments that strap the hip socket in place
Illiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligamentum teres
69
What is the largest and most complex joint of the body
the knee joint
70
what are the three ligaments in the knee joint where the articular capsule is absent
Patellar Ligament
Medial patellar retinacula
Lateral patellar retinacula
71
Bone ---> bone =
Ligament
72
Bone ---> muscle =
Tendon
73
What are similarities between sundial joints
1.they have anarticular fibrous capsule + synovial membrane
2.Have an articulate cartilage covering the bone surface
3.Have reinforcing ligaments
4. Many have fibrocartilage pads within capsule
74
Type of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses and Symphyses
75
Types of Fibrous joints
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
76
Types of Synovial Joints
1. Ball and socket
2. Condyloid
3. Hinge
4. Pivot
5. Saddle
77
how many Skeletal Muscles are there in the body
640
78
What are the muscles responsible for movement
Agonists
79
what are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement, also sometimes responsible for a prime movement
Antagonist
80
What are the muscles that reduce unnecessary movement
Synergist
81
What are specialized synergist that stabilize the antagonists
Fixator
82
Every Muscle is attached to bone at how many points?
2
83
What is the stationary point of attachment
Origin
84
What is the moveable point of attachment
Insertion
85
When a muscle Contracts the _______ moves towards the ______
Contracts, Insertion; origin
86
Muscles are named on the basis of what 7 factors
1. Muscle fiber direction
2. Relative size of muscle
3. Location of Muscles
4. Number of origins
5. Location of origin and insertion
6. Shape of muscle
7. action of muscle
87
What is the muscle of the arm
Brachialis Muscle
88
what is the muscle of the arm along the radius bone
Brachioradialis Muscle
89
Muscle near the surface that bends that fingers
Flexor digitorum Superficialis
90
- Chewing muscle
- Muscle that closes jaw and elevates mandible
Masseter
91
Wing-like of the sphenoid bone
Pterygoid
92
- Bugle (trumpet or blowing muscle)
- Compresses cheek
Buccinator
93
Muscle that elevates and retracts the mandible
Temporalis
94
Muscle that closes and purses lips (kissing, whistling)
Obicularis Oris
95
muscle that Protracts jaw (grinding)
Lateral Pterygoid
96
Muscle that elevates jaw
- grinding synergist of temporalis and masseter
Medial Pterygoid
97
Deltoid
Triangular
98
Trapezius
Trapezoid
99
right angles
Transverse of oblique
100
Aponeurosis
A thin sheet-like tendon that attaches muscle to bone
101
What is the function of the frontal belly or Frontalis
Raises eyebrows
102
What is the function of the obicularis oculi Muscle
Blinking and Squinting
103
What is the function of the corugator supercili muscle
Scowling
104
What is the function of the Zygomaticus muscle
Smiling
105
What are the superficial muscles of the head
1. Frontalis
2. Orbicularis oris
3. Corugator supercili
4. Zygomaticus
5. Depressor anguli oris
6. Playtsma
7. Sternoclediomastoid
106
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris
"sad mouth"
107
What is the function of the Platysma
Sad mouth and depresses mandible
108
What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
Flexion to resist head flopping back when lying down
109
what muscle Runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forms the floor of mouth; elevates tounge while swallowing
Mylohyoid Muscle
110
what muscle has (two bellies) elevates hyoid and dpresses the mandible to open the mouth
Diagastric muscle
111
what muscle Runs from the styloid to the hyoid elevates hyoid during swallowing
Stylohyoid Muscle
112
what muscle Runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid
Sternohyoid muscle
113
what muscle Depresses hyoid
Sternothyroid, Omohyoid and Thyrohyoid Muscle
114
What muscles are the prime movers of the arm
Deltoid and the pectoralis major
115
What muscle raises the arm
Serratus anterior
116
