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Anatomy and Physiology 2141 > LAB PRACTICAL 2 > Flashcards

LAB PRACTICAL 2 Flashcards

(154 cards)

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1
Q

What are the accessory organs of the skin?

A

Hair, Nails and Cutaneous glands

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2
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

Insulation, temperature regulation, cushioning, protection and prevention of water loss

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3
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis; 20-30 layers of dead cells and has flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, glycolipids in extracellular space

A

Stratum corneum

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4
Q

What is one to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deterioration; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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5
Q

What layer of the epidermis had several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

A

Stratum Spinosum

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6
Q

What is the deepest epidermal layer and have occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

A

Stratum Basale

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7
Q

What are the three structural types of articulations (joints)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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8
Q

What are the three functional types of Articulations (joints)

A

Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, and Diarthroses

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9
Q

Immovable cartilaginous and fibrous joints found in the axial skeleton

A

Define Synarthroses.

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10
Q

Slightly moveable cartilaginous joints found in the axial skeleton

A

Define Amphiarthroses

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11
Q

Define Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable Synovial joints that are found in limbs

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12
Q

Two major types of fibrous joints

A

1.Sutures
2.syndesmoses
-gomphosis are short fibrous joints that are found in the periodontal ligament
-each have no joint cavity

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13
Q

What is a suture

A

a joint that is held together with very short, interconnection fibers, and bone edges that interlock. Found only in the skull

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14
Q

a joint that is held together by a ligament. FIbrous tissue can vary in length but they are always longer than sutures

A

What is a syndesmosis

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15
Q

What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
    -each have no joint cavity
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16
Q

What are synchondroses joints

A

bone that are united by hyaline cartilage
ex. epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

What are symphysis joints

A

bones united by fibrocartilage
ex. pubic symphysis

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18
Q

What are the types of synovial joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
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19
Q

Joint cavity containg fluid

A

Synovial cavity

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20
Q

Plane

A

allows sliding (nonaxial) movements in 1 or 2 planes
eg. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

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21
Q

Hinge

A

Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) -flexion and extension
eg. elbow and interphalangeal

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22
Q

Pivot

A

Allows rotational movement in 1 axis.
eg. proximal radioulnar joint

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23
Q

Condyloid

A

Allows biaxial movements in 2 planes
eg. wrist (radiocarpal) and knuckles

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24
Q

Saddle

A

allows movement in 2 planes (biaxial)
eg. thumb metacarpal

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25
Ball and socket
Allows multiaxial movement eg. shoulder and hip joints
26
What is flexion
Decreases the angle of joint. reduces distance between two bones.
27
Extension
Increases angle of a joint. Increases distance between 2 bones
28
Hyperextension
increasing angle greater than 180 degress.
29
Dorsiflexion
foot moves upwards
30
Plantar flexion
foot flexes downwards
31
abduction
limb moves away from the midline
32
adduction
Limb moves towards midline
33
move bone around its longitudinal axis
Rotation
34
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Circumduction
35
Supination
radius and ulna parallel
36
Pronation
radius moves across ulna
37
inversion
turn foot medially
38
eversion
turn foot laterally
39
Protraction
anterior movement in a transverse plane
40
retraction
posterior movement in a transverse plane
41
Elevation
moving a body part superiorly
42
depression
moving a body part inferiorly
43
opposition
touch thumb to fingertips - made possible by thumb saddle point
44
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body
the knee joint
45
agonist
muscle responsible for movement
46
antagonist
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement, also sometimes responsible for a prime movement
47
synergist
reduce unnecessary movement
48
fixators
are specialized synergist that stabilize the agonist
49
Origin
the stationary point of attachment
50
insertion
the moveable point of attachment
51
What can muscles be named on the basis of:
1. muscle fiber direction 2. relative size 3. location of muscle 4. number of origions 5. location of origin and insertion 6. shape of muscle 7. action of muscle
52
Masseter
chewing muscle
53
pterygoid
wing like muscle of sphenoid bone
54
buccinator
bugle muscle and compresses cheek
55
Temporalis
closes jaw and elevates/retracts mandible
56
orbicularis oris
closes and purses lips
57
lateral pterygoid
protracts jaw. grinding.
58
medial pterygoid
elevates jaw. grinding synergist of temporalis and masseter
59
brachialis muscle
muscle of the arm
60
brachioradialis muscle
muscle of the arm along the radius bone
61
flexor digitorum superficialis
muscle near surface that bends the fingers
62
Frontal belly or frontalis
raises eyebrows
63
orbicularis oculi
blinking, squniting
64
corrugator supercili
scowling
65
zygomaticus
smiling
66
depressor anguli oris
sad mouth
67
platysma
sad mouth, depresses mandible
68
sternocleidomastoid
flexion to resist head floping back when lying down
69
runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forms floor of mouth; elevates tounge while swallowing
Mylohyoid
70
(two bellies) elevates hyoid and depresses the mandible to open the mouth
digastric
71
stylohyoid
runs from the styloid to the hyoid, elevates hyoid during swallowing
72
sternohyoid
runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid
73
sternothyroid
depresses hyoid
74
omohyoid
depresses hyoid
75
thyrohyoid
depresses hyoid
76
pectoralis major
prime mover of arm
77
deltoid
prime mover of arm
78
serratus anterior
raises arm
79
Diaphragm
Prime muscle of inhalation
80
rectus abdominis
stabilizes pelvis during walking - used for sit up and curls
81
what is the transverse abdominis
the muscle that compresses the abdominal wall
82
what is the internal oblique
Trunk rotator - Used in oblique curls
83
external oblique
Trunk rotator - used in oblique curls
84
Trapezius
used in shrugging
85
latissimus dorsi
prime mover of arm
86
Infraspinatus
stabilizes shoulder
87
Supraspinatus
stabilizes the shoulder
88
Rhomboids (Major and Minor)
Rotate glenoid cavity down
89
Semispinalis
extend head an vertebral column (head rotation)
90
Triceps brachii
extends forearm antagonist to biceps brachii
91
Biceps Brachii
FLexion and supination (turns corkscrew and pulls cork)
92
Brachioradialis
forearm flexion
93
Brachialis
Major Flexor of forearm
94
Anconeus
Bend of the elbow - assist in extension of the elbow
95
Teres major
greater rounded muscle that stabilizes and rotates the humerus
96
Teres minor
lesser rounder muscle that stabilizes and rotates the humers
97
Pronator teres
round muscle that turns palm downwards
98
Pronator quadratus
square muscle that turns palms downwards
99
Flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist
100
Skull Articulating bones
Cranial and facial
101
Atlantoaxial articulating bones
Atlas C1 and axis C2
102
Temporomandibular articulating bones
temporal bone of the skull and mandible
103
intervertebral articulating bones
between adjacent vertebral bones
104
Sternoclavicular articulating bones
sternum and clavicle
105
Sternocostal articulating bones
Sternum and Rib I
106
Acromioclavicular articulating bones
acromion of scapula and clavicle
107
Articulating bones in Shoulder
Scapular and humerus
108
Articulating bones in Elbow
Ulna (and radius) with humerus
109
Proximal radioulnar articulating bones
radius and ulna
110
Intercarpal articulating bones
adjacent carpals
111
Carpometacarpal articulating bones
carpal and metacarpal I
112
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
Metacarpal and proximal phalanx
113
Pubic Symphysis articulating bones
Pubic bones
114
Articulating hip bones
hip bone and femur
115
articulating knee bones (tibiofemoral)
femur and tibia
116
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
The knee joint
117
How many skeletal muscles are there
640
118
11 pairs elevates ribs for inhalation
External intercostals
119
11 pairs depress ribs for forced exhalation
Internal intercostals
120
What deeps muscles extend head and vertebral column (head rotation)
Semispinalis
121
What muscle extends from head to pelvis controlling vertebrae
Erector spinae
122
What muscle helps maintain an upright posture
Quadratus lumborum
123
Greek for "bend of the elbow" and assist in extension of the elbow
Anconeus
124
Greater round muscle stabilizes and rotates humerus
Teres major
125
Lesser rounded muscle that stabilizes and rotates humerus
Teres minor
126
What is the epidermis made of
Epithelium
127
What is the dermis made of
Connective tissue
128
What happens when the epithelium and the dermis seperate?
A bilster
129
what are the two different cutaneous glands?
Sebaceous and Eccrine (sweat)
130
Example of a ball and socket joint
The hip joint
131
Ligaments that strap the hip socket in place
Illiofemoral Pubofemoral Ishciofemoral Ligamentum teres
132
What are the three ligaments of the knee
Medial patellar ligament patellar ligament lateral patellar retinacula
133
The glenohumeral joint is mostly _____ _______
Freely moveing
134
What are skeletal muscles named on the basis of
1. Muscle fiber direction 2. relative size of muscle 3 .location of muscles 4. Number of origins 5. location of origin and insertion 6. shape of muscle 7. action of muscle
135
Define a rectus muscle
Parallel (straight)
136
Muscles that are right angles
Transverse or oblique
137
Muscles that are converging
Convergent
138
Muscles that are circular
Obicularis
139
Muscles that are feather-like
Pennate
140
Muscles that are spindle shaped
Fusiform
141
Examples of muscle fiber direction
rectus, transverse or oblique, convergent, etc.
142
Examples of muscles that are named based on size
Maximus, longus, brevis
143
What is an example of a convergent muscle
Pectoralis major
144
What is an example of a circular muscle
Obicularis Oris
145
What is an example of a fusiform muscle
Biceps brachii
146
What is an example of multipennate muscle
Deltoid
147
What is an example of a unipennate muscle
Extensor digitorum longus
148
What is an example of bipennate muscle
Rectus femoris
149
What is an example of a parallel muscle
Sartorius
150
Extends wrist (long wrist stretcher at the radius bone)
Extensor carpi radialis
151
Muscles to give the thumbs up
1. Extensor pollicis 2. Extensor pollicis brevis 3. Abductor pollicis longus
152
Long muscle that extends thumb
Extensor pollicis longus
153
Short muscle that extends thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis
154
Long muscle that extends thumb
Abductor pollicis longus

Anatomy and Physiology 2141 (7 decks)

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