Lab practical 2 (specific pages) Flashcards by Jordan Walker

What are the functions of the skin

Insulation, cushion, protects, prevents water loss, regulates body temp

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What are the basic structures of the skin

An epidermis made of epithelium
a dermis made of connective tissue
- cemented together at dermal papilae

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How does a blister happen

When the dermis and the epidermis seperate

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What is the dermal papillae

The reticular and papillary layer

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Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

Stratum corneum

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One to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules and keratinohyaline granules

Stratum granulosum

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Several layers of keratinocytes unified by demosomes. cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

Stratum Spinosum

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Deepest epidermal layer; one layer of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

Stratum basale

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What are the accessory organs of the skin

Hair
Nails
cutaneous glands

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What do articulations do

Hold bones together and allow body movements

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What are the three structural types of articulations

Fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous

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What are the functional types of articulations

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
DIarthroses

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Freely moveable joints

Synarthroses

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Slightly moveable joints

Ampiarthroses

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Immovable joints

Diarthroses

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Example of an structurally immovable joint

Fibrous joints: suture

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have no joint cavity
two major types

Fibrous joints

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What are the two major types of fibrous joints

Suture and syndesmoses (also gomphosis)

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Joint held together by a ligament. fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
- Short ligament of dense fibers

Syndesmoses

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joint held together with very short inteconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. (found only in the skull)

Suture joints

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What is an example of a syndesmosis joint

the ligament that hold the fibula and the tibia together

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Synovial joints have a

articular capsule = fibrous joints + synovial membrane

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joint cavity containing fluid that is freely moveable

synovial joint

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What are the 6 types of synovial joints

ball and socket
condyloid
hinge
plane
pivot
saddle

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What are similarites betwen synovial joints

-have articular cartilage - have reinforcing ligaments - may have fibrocartilage pads

Allows sliding (non axial) movements in 1 or 2 planes e.g. inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints

Plane

Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial) flexion and extension e.g elbow

Hinge

Allows rotational movement in 1 axis e.g proxmial radioulnar joint

Pivot

allows biaxial movement in 2 planes e.g wrist and knuckles

condyloid

Allows movement in 2 planes (biaxial) e.g thumb metacarpal

Saddle

Allows multiaxial movement e.g. shoulder and hip joints

Ball and socket

Decreases the angle of a joint

flexion

increases the angle of a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint greater than 180 degrees

Hypertension

Foot moves upwards

Dorsiflexion

Foot flexes downwards

plantar flexion

Limb moves away from the midline

Abduction

Limb moves toward the midline

Adduction

Move bone around it longitudinal axis

rotation

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Circumduction

Radius and ulnar are parallel

Supination

Radius moves across ulna

Pronation

Too foot medially

Inversion

Turn foot laterally

Eversion

Anterior movement in a transverse plane

Protraction

Posterior movement in a transverse plane

retraction

Moving a body part superiorly

Elevation

Moving a body part inferiorly

Depression

Touch thumb to finger tips --> made possible by thumb saddle joint

Opposition

What are the articulating bones of the skull?

Cranial and facial bones

What is the structural and fucntional type of the skull joint

fibrous (suture) ; Synarthrotic (no movement)

What are the articulating bones of the tempro-mandibular joint

Temporal bone or skull and mandible

What is the structural and functional types of the tempro-madibular joint

Synovial (modified hinge) ; diarthrotic movement

What are the articulating bones of the atlanto-occipital joint

Occipital bone of skull and the atlas

What is the structure and functional type of the atlanto-occipital joint

Synovial (condylar) ; Diarthrotic movement

What are the articulating bones of the atlantoaxial joint

atlas C1 and Axis C2

What is the structural and functional type of the atlantoaxial joint

Synovial (pivot) ; diarthrotic movement

What are the articulating joints of the interverterbral joint

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

What is the strucutral and functional type of the intervertebral joint

cartilaginous; ampiarthrotic - slight movement

What are the articulating bones of the sternoclavicular joint

that sternum and the clavicle

What are hte structural and functional types of the sternoclavicular joint

synovial; diarthoritic

What are the articulating bones of the sternocaostal joint

The sternum and rib I

What are the strucutral and functional types of the sternocostal joint

cartilaginous; synarthrotic

What is the largest and most complex joint in the boyd

the knee joint

The knee joint is only partly enclosed by an ______ ______

articular capsule

What are the three missing ligaments in the anterior knee joint

Patellar ligament medial patellar retinacula lateral patellar retinacula

Muscles responsible for movement

Agonist (bicep)

Muscle that oppsoe or reverse a movement, alos sometimes responsible for a prime movement

Antagonist (tricep)

Reduce unnecessary movement

Synergist

Are specialized synergist that stabilize the agonist

Fixators

Every muscle is attached at __ points which are _________

2 points; origin and insertion

the stationary point of attachment

Origin

The movable point of attachment

Insertion

When a muscle ______ the insertion moves toward the ____

contractions; origin

Muscles are named on the basis of

1. Muscle fiber direction 2. Relative size of muscle 3. location of muscles 4. number of origins 5. Location of origin and insertion 6. shape of muscle 7. action of muscle

what is an example of a convergent muscle

pectoralis major

what is an example of a circular muscle

obicularis oris

What is an exmaple of a fusiform muscle

Biceps brachii

What is an example of a parallel muscle

Sartorius

What is an example of a multipennate muscle

Deltoid

What is an example of a bipennate muscle

Rectus femoris

What is an exmple of a unipennate muscle

Extensor digitorum longus

Runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone

mylohyoid

(two bellies) elevates tongue while swallowing and depresses the mandible to open the mouth

digastric

Runs from the styloid to the hyoid elevates hyoid during swallowing

Stylohyoid

Runs from the sternum to the hyoid, depresses hyoid

sternohyoid

depresses hyoid

Sternothyroid

Omohyoid

Depresses hyoid

Thyrohyoid

Depresses hyoid

11 pairs; of ribs for inhalation

External intercostals

11 pairs; depress ribs for forced exhalation

internal intercostals

Prime muscle of inhalation

Diaphragm

Prime mover of the arm

Pectoralis major and deltoid

Raises arm

Serratus anterior

Extend head and vertebral column (head rotation)

Semispinalis

Extends from head to pelvic controlling verterbrae

Erector spinae

Helps maintain an upright posture

Quadratus lumborum

Extends forearm and is antagonist to biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Flexion and supination

biceps brachii

forearm flexion

Brachioradialus

major flexor of arm

Brachialis

Pronator teres

round muscle that turns palm downwards

Pronator quadratus

square muscle that turns palms downwards

Flexor carpi radialis

flexes wrist

palmaris longus

Flexes wirst of the ulnar bone

flexor carpi ulnaris

muscle that bends the fingers

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Deep muscle that bends the fingers

flexor digitorum profundus

Short muscle that bend the thumb

Flexor pollicis longus

Square muscle that turn the palm facing downwards

pronator quadratus

help move fingers

Thenar muscle lumbricals

Muscle that give thumbs up

Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus