exam 2 Flashcards
(287 cards)
1
Q
developing brain sits on what
A
hyaline cartilage
2
Q
endochondral means what
A
involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue.
3
Q
which bones in the head are endochondral
A
occipital, spheroid, ethmoid
4
Q
what kind of cells contribute a lot to the face
A
neural crest
5
Q
surrounds brain, what region
A
cranial
6
Q
parietal bones merge with what
A
neighboring bone along major sutures
7
Q
what are fontanelles
A
seperations in bone by unmodified sutures and larger gaps in new borns
8
Q
why are there fontanelles present in new borns
A
allows for birth and further brain growth
9
Q
when are fontanelles usually fused
A
18 months
10
Q
what are fontanelles made of
A
fibrous tissue with collagen
11
Q
one or more sutures fuse prematurely , skull grows abnormally with brain growth
A
craniosynostosis
12
Q
most common type of craniosynostosis
A
sagittal synostosis
13
Q
kind of sutures that better deal with tension forces
A
serrate sutures
14
Q
unilateral coronal synostosis
A
sutures on one side of the skull close prematurely
15
Q
most cranial sutures are what
A
serrate sutures
16
Q
maxilla has what kind of suture
A
plane
17
Q
squamous suture has what kind of suture
A
lap suture
18
Q
why do male and female have different skull features
A
effects of androgens and estrogens during development
19
Q
bone has receptor for what in development q
A
androgens and estrogens
20
Q
do you see a suture on the frontal bone
A
no, it makes orbit
21
Q
hard palate = what
A
palatine + maxillary
22
Q
secondary plate = what
A
hard palate + soft palate
23
Q
purpose of secondary palate
A
protect nasal cavity
24
Q
in humans there’s a gap between what
A
soft palate and epiglottis
25
medial processes of maxilla grow and fuse along what
midline
26
failure of maxillary and palatine to come together
cleft palate
27
can affect lip growth
complete cleft palate
28
nuchal lines form why
that's where neck muscles attach
29
why are sphenoid/pteryoid process present
muscles attach there, allow for chewing side to Side
30
function of pterygoid muscle
chew side to side
31
temporal bone includes what two major areas
external auditory meatus, zygomatic arch
32
really thick part of temporal bone present why
due to ear
33
why is condylar process important
temporomandibular joint
34
vertebrae arise from what
sclerotome portion of somites
35
vertebrae surround what
nerve cord
36
body of vertebrae change how from top to bottom
thinner at top, wider at the bottom
37
2 areas of curvature
cervical and lumbar
38
when does cervical curvature happen
develops when baby holds head up (3-4 months)
39
lumbar curvature develops when
when child is standing, walking (12-18 months)
40
everything in the back has what kind of curvature
primary curvature
41
cervical curvature holds what
head
42
standing causes what
a muscle (psoas major) to encourage lumbar curve development
43
encourages lumbar curve development
standing, psoas major
44
lumbar curvature does what for center of mass
brings it forward and over hip, helps keep us upright
45
why is our back curved
so our weight isn't distributed evenly stacked on top of each vertebrae
46
curves in our back can cause what
various back problems
47
can be result of osteoporosis, thoracic area usually affected
kyphosis
48
spine curves to side instead of going straight up and down
scoliosis
49
excessive forward rounding of the upper back
kyphosis
50
an increase in the curve toward the front of your body that's naturally part of your cervical and lumbar spine.
lordosis
51
treatments for scoliosis
therapy, braces, surgery
52
intervertebral discs made of what
nucleus pulps in center, surrounded by annulus fibrosis of fibrocartilage and ligaments
53
what part of intervertebral discs resist compression
nucleus pulposus in center
54
what part of intervertebral discs resist tension
annulus fibrosus of fibrocartilage and ligaments
55
what can happen to annulus fibrosus
can be torn which is a herniated disc
56
what is a herniated disc
torn annulus fibrosus
57
some of notochord is where
nucleus pulpusus
58
pulpos attracts what
lots of water
59
annular rung not torn, but is pushing out
bulging disc
60
pulpy nucleus is pressing out
herniated disc
61
as you age, what doesn't regenerate as well in the intervertebral disc
pulpy nucleus
62
what happens to discs as you age
they get thinner
63
herniated discs can do what
pinch a nerve, run into spinal cord
64
characteristic of cervical region
great range of movement
65
purpose of transverse foramen
blood vessel can pass through
66
atlantoaxial instability can cause what
poke spinal cord, brain
67
thoracic region allows for what
rib to attach
68
flexion and extension (bending over) limited where
along thoracic region
69
rotation is limited along what
lumbar region
70
lateral flexion limited where
along thoracic
71
largest and most inferior vertebra in the cervical region
vertebra prominens
72
difference in the vertebra prominens
large spineous process, largest cervica vertebra
73
floating ribs connect where
directly to body of lumbar
74
ribcage has some flexibility how
cartilage attached to sternum
75
where is hyaline cartilage located in vertebrae
between articular facets and between centrum and vertebral disc s
76
where is fibrocartilage located in vertebrae
part of annular ring
77
second most common reason for dr visit
intervertebral disc issues
78
age related condition from vertebral disc damage
degenerative disc disease
79
how is degenerate disc disease diagnosed
MRI diagnosis
80
bulging/herniated disc can compromise what
spinal cor/nerves
81
why do young people get DDD
either genetics or misuse of back
82
how is DDD treated
exercise, rest, epidural steroid injection
83
for treating DDD where is steroid medication injected and why
into the epidural space, reduce inflammation around the nerves and spinal cord to prevent interference with them
84
what is the treatment if discs cannot support vertebrae
struts inserted
85
shoulder area, includes clavicle and scapula
pectoral girdle
86
if something is more flexible it is less...
stable
87
attaches limb to axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
88
muscles that attach to top of humerus
rotator cuff
89
what does rotator cuff do
control range of where humorous can go
90
most superior rotator cuff muscle
supraspinatus
91
most inferior rotator cuff muscle on the posterior side
teres minor
92
what joint allows for some pectoral mobility
sternoclavicular joint
93
ways of pectoral mobility
elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, upward and downward rotation
94
shoulder relies on ligaments for what
support, static stability, limits on movement
95
ligaments go from what to what
bone to bone
96
why is shoulder common site for pain
because ligaments and muscles can be pulled and stretched
97
what happens during shoulder separation
AC joint is compromised
98
strained or torn is grade what
2 or up
99
AC joint is what
acromioclavicular joint
100
one of the most common breaks
broken clavicle
101
how can clavicle break
fall on outstretched hand, falling on AC joint
102
can clavicle dislocate
yes
103
little leaguers shoulder
epiphyseal plate slowly pulling apart
104
force applied at hand has what effect
pull interosseous membrane tighter and shift some of the load to the ulna
105
membrane between radius and ulna
interosseous membrane
106
big articulator for hand
radius
107
big articulator for humorous
ulna
108
in the forearm, which bone rotates around which
ulna rotates around radius
109
colles fracture is what
distal end of radius - hand is pulled away from forearm
110
colles fracture also known as
dinner fork deformity
111
how does carpel tunnel syndrome occur
tendons controlling finger Movements over worked, results in inflammation, can affect/compress the median nerve
112
treatment for carpel tunnel syndrome
brace, rest, ice, possibly surgery is the carpel tunnel is smaller than normal
113
when would surgery be necessary for carpel tunnel syndrome e
if the carpel tunnel is smaller than normal
114
differences between pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
pelvic is more structural support, acetabulum is a deeper socket
115
what bone part do we sit on
ischial tuberosity
116
where are lots of hamstring attackemtns located
ischial tuberosity
117
pelvis differences in male vs female
ilium flares more to side in females, acetabulum further apart which results in different angles of femur
118
what are the angles of the femur also known as
q angles
119
what is the result of wider acetabium
drop in efficiency , greater pelvic outlet for childbirth
120
how does the q angle affect knee
greater q angle = fibers more likely to have injuries, wearing of cartilage under the patella, less knee stability
121
purpose of the patella
improves leverage and strengthens tendon
122
hip fractures more likely to who
older ladies as a result of osteoporosis (menopause)
123
ways to fix hip fractures
internal fixation , hip compression screw, partial hip replacement, total hip replacement
124
ball and neck of femur replacesd
partial hip replacement
125
femur is on its way to being dislocated
subluxation
126
head of the femur splits in half
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
127
interosseous membrane found where in leg
between tibia and fibula
128
tibia is main articulator of what
feet and femur
129
absorb forces from the ground
arches of the foot
130
foot arches are created and maintained from what
bone, ligaments, tendons
131
help create arches along foot
keystone tarsal shapes
132
plantar fascia helps do what to arch
maintain the arch
133
which directions to arches of the foot go
side to side, front to back
134
long tendons structure, calcaneous to metatarsal
plantar fascia
135
help move foot and keep arch up
tendons attached to top of foot
136
daily use of feet can cause what
posterior tibaltus tendon to weaken
137
flat feet result in weight shifting where
inside of foot
138
flat feet can cause what problems
twisting of tibia, knee problems
139
arthro- means what
joint
140
fibrous joints what kind of movement
no movement
141
synovial joints what kind of movement
full movement
142
cartilaginous joints what kind of movement
some movement
143
synarthrosis joints what kind of movement
immovable
144
amphiarthrosis joints what kind of movement
little movement
145
diathrosis joints what kind of movment
full movement
146
types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
147
example of gomphosis jt
periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
148
peg in socket fibrous joint
gomphosis
149
joint held together by ligmaent
syndesmosisi
150
joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock, found only in the skull
suture
151
articulating cartilages glide on a slippery fluid enclosed in a cavity
synovial joints
152
2 layers than enclose the articular capsule
synovial membrane, fibrous layer
153
are synovial joints vascularized
yes, have nerves to
154
what kind of cartilage present in synovial joints
hyaline cartilage
155
loose connective tissue where synovial fluid is produced from blood
synovial membrane
156
what kind of tissue is synovial membrane
loose connective
157
synovial fluid is similar to what
ground substance
158
viscous slippery fluid
synovial fluid
159
periosteum continues with this part of the articular capsule
fibrous layer
160
process of making synovial fluid
cells receive blood, then plasma, then create synovial fluid
161
what let fluid out of synovial membrane
capillaries
162
two types of lubrication using synovial fluid at moveable joints
weeping librication, fluid film lube
163
SF can enter/exit hyaline cartilage, what kind of lubrication
weeping
164
load is supported by pressure compressing synovial fluid from both sides , what kind of lubrication
fluid film
165
where is labrum
joint in your hip
166
meniscus/labrum, articular disc all made of what
fibrocartilage
167
why re the meniscus, labrum, and articular discs composed of fibrocartilage
improves the fit along articulating surfaces
168
where is meniscus located
on top of tibial condyle
169
what is a bursa
fibrous sac containing synvoail fluid
170
purpose of bursa
protect areas where moving structures overlie each other
171
common areas for bursa to be present
knee, hip, shoulder, elbow
172
inflammation of bursa is known as what
bursitis
173
structure that surrounds tendon
tendon sheath
174
what makes up tendon sheath
it is synovial membrane
175
saddle joint movement
moves one way or another
176
hinge joint movement example
like your elbow
177
each joint has muscles for what
mobility
178
some joint have shorter muscles for what
stability, discourages unwanted movements
179
muscle stability comes from what
muscle tone
180
if the stability muscles have high tension, what does that mean
lots of support
181
inflammation of a tendon sheath due to injury or friction
tendonitis
182
bones of a joint are forced out of alignment
dislocation
183
reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
sprain
184
injury to meniscus
torn cartilage
185
does tmj have typical movement for hinge jt
no
186
what kind of joint is tmj
hinge
187
articulardisc of tmj does what
glides with condyle during jaw movement
188
when tmj naturally dislocates, condylar process moves where
to articular tubercle
189
what does the disc in tmj do when condylar process moves
it moves with it
190
TMJ movements
elevation/depression, protract/retract, lateral excursion
191
common disorders of tmj
displacement of articular disc
192
when can cause displacement of articular disc tmj
teeth grinding, muscle tightening near joint, jaw malocclusion or maxima is too short to mandible retracts
193
displacement of articular disc without reduction results in what
jaw can't fully open
194
displacement of articular disc with reduction results in what
a click when jaw is opened, a click when its closing
195
what happens in dislocation of TMJ
condylar process opens past the articular tubercle, gets stuck there
196
with more mobility at a jt, less what
stability
197
set of ligaments in shoulder that are somewhat thin and loose in areas
articular capsule
198
ligament and tendon movements in shoulder protected by...
bursa
199
what helps create socket in the shoulder
fibrous material in shoulder
200
the 4 rotator cuff muscles are assocated with areas of what
the scapula
201
strain of rotator cuff muscle near acromiun. when arm is raised bursa under acromiun is narrowed and presses on them
swimmers shoulder
202
swimmers shoulder known as
impingement
203
overuse of rotator cuff muscles can cause
inflammation, tears
204
humerus slips out of joint toward the front of the body
anterior shoulder dislocation
205
humerus slips out of the socket and down the body
inferior shoulder dislocation
206
ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
Tommy John surgery
207
what does Tommy John surgery entail
drill into bones and make figure 8 shape with tendon harvested
208
what kind of joint is knee primarily
hinge joint
209
what is the exception to the primary joint of knee
there can be tibial rotation when leg is bent
210
how many menisci in knee
2, one at each condyle
211
also articulates in gliding fashion along femur
patella
212
what kind of bone is patella
seismoid bone, embedded in tendon
213
what tendon attaches to patella
quad tendon, patella tendon
214
what happens during dislocation of patella
patella slips out of alignment
215
muscles that stabilize the knee also tend to be used for what
mobility
216
4 knee ligaments
ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL
217
ACL stands for
anterior cruciate ligaments
218
PCL stands for
posterior cruciate ligament
219
LCL stands for
lateral collateral ligament
220
MCL stands for
medial collateral ligament
221
purpose of MCL
keeps knee from going laterally
222
purpose of LCL
keeps knee from going medially
223
cruciate means what
cross
224
susceptible to knee hyperextension
ACL
225
why do tibia-femur surfaces tend to slide along each other from sharp movements or strong outside forces
because they don't have a socket
226
what kinds of force to knee can cause injury inducing rotations
lateral force to the side of the knee
227
femur rotation while foot and tibia are planted
ACL tear
228
why is 4 legged stance better
forces from running/ jumping are mainly absorbed by muscles across 4 limbs
229
why is 2 legged straight leg stance not ideal
force mainly absorbed along bones and joints, causes more knee problems
230
treatment for knee injuries involve movement why
immobilization causes tendons to weaken
231
helps with recovery of ligament injuries
a little bit of stress
232
ligaments between tibia/fibula called what
tibiofibular 1
233
injured in HIGH ankle sprain
tibiofibular 1
234
connections between tibia or fibula and tarsals known as what
low ankle
235
ligaments in ankle try to keep what around what
tibia/fibula around talus
236
ankle injury, external rotation
high ankle sprain
237
ankle injury, longer recovery, hockey, skiing
high ankle sprain
238
ankle injury, shorter recovery, soccer/basketball
low ankle sprain
239
what is articular cartilage in the ankle
hyaline
240
not innervated, prone to repetitive injury
hyaline articular cartilage
241
why is hyaline articular prone to repetitive injury
doesn't repair well
242
what can sometimes help hyaline articular to heal slightly
weeping lube
243
why does articular cartilage not repair well
not vascularized, difficult for chondrogenic cells to localize
244
what can help chondrogenic cells to localize in articular cartilage
micro fracturing
245
if the chondrogenic cells do invade the tear in articular cartilage, what happens
the cartilage repair is fibrocartilage and not hyaline
246
what is microfracturing
drilling holes in the bone to expose the vascular tissue under the bone, blood clot forms, cibrocart forms
247
most common joint disease
osteoarthritis
248
osteoarthritis leads to what
disability
249
progressive deterioatzion of hyaline cartilage at synovial joints, causing inflammation
osteoarthritis
250
at what joints does osteoarthritis occur
synovial joints
251
what causes osteoarthritis
overuse, injury at joint, obesity, genetic factors
252
autoimmune disorder with inflammation of synovium, s fluid over production, joints swell
rheumatoid arthritis
253
with rheumatoid art, what collects in synovial fluid
autoantibodies
254
immune response to rheumatoid art causes what
destruction of cartilage and bone, synovium thickens , mobility worsens
255
what is a pannus and what does it lead to
vascular fibrous tissue connected with rheumatoid, causes worsened mobility
256
gout arthritis caused by what
high uric acid levels
257
high uric acid levels in gout art cause what
crystals at the joints
258
uric acid comes form what (especially in what foods)
breakdown of purines (meats, organs, seafood, beer, beans, some veggies)
259
what happens when you crack your knuckles
has to do with s fluid - s fluid capsule expands. pressure drops, dissolved gasses release
260
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
261
muscle type that is voluntary
skeletal
262
muscle type that is long, multinucleated
skeletal
263
involuntary, short, not very multinucleate
cardiac
264
involuntary, no striations, no sarcomere, short
smooth
265
between individual muscle cells
endomysium
266
perimysium
bundle of muscle cells/fibers
267
epimysium
surrounds bundles of perimysium
268
fill muscle cells and contain protein myofilaments of actin and myosin organized in sarcomere units
myofibrils
269
actin and myosin organized in what
sarcomere units
270
unit of contraction, made of thin and thick filaments
sarcomere
271
thin filaments in muscle
actin
272
thick filaments in muscle
myosin
273
when are muscles weakest
when they are shortened or stretched
274
when are muscles strongest
at resting muscle length
275
what determines contraction rate of muscle cells
myosin isoform
276
muscle cells vary due to what
myosin isoform and amounts of glycolytic/oxidative enzymes
277
type I is what muscle cell
slow oxidative
278
type ii A is what muscle cell
fast oxidative
279
type ii x is what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
280
high mitochondria and myoglobin, what muscle cell
slow oxidative
281
high capillary density, lots of oxidation enzymes what kind of muscle cell
slow oxidative
282
have int mitochondria and int myoglobin
fast oxidative
283
has oxidative and glycolytic enzymes
fast oxidative
284
fastest contraction rate what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
285
fastest ATPase activity, glycolytic enzymes what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
286
which muscle cell generates lactic acid
fast glycolytic
287
