Exam 4 Exam Guide Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
External portion supported by bone and cartilage; internal
nasal cavity divided in half by midline nasal septum and lined
with respiratory mucosa
A
nose
2
Q
nose function
A
Produces mucus; filters, warms, and
moistens incoming air; resonance chamber
for speech
3
Q
Roof of nasal cavity contains
A
olfactory muscosa
4
Q
Mucosa-lined hollow cavities within the sphenoid, ethmoid,
maxillary, and frontal bones
A
paranasal sinuses
5
Q
function of sinuses
A
same as nasal cavity, lighten skull
6
Q
Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to
esophagus; three subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx
A
pharynx
7
Q
pharynx function
A
passageway for air and food
8
Q
where are tonsils located
A
pharynx
9
Q
Connects pharynx to trachea; framework of cartilage and
dense connective tissue; opening (rima glottidis) can be closed
by epiglottis or vocal folds
A
larynx
10
Q
function of larnyx
A
Air passageway; prevents food from
entering lower respiratory tract
11
Q
where are true vocal cords housed
A
larynx
12
Q
Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into
two main (primary) bronchi; walls contain C-shaped cartilages
that are incomplete posteriorly where trachealis muscle occurs
A
trachea
13
Q
function of trachea
A
Air passageway; filters, warms, and
moistens incoming air
14
Q
Consists of right and left main bronchi, which subdivide within
the lungs to form lobar (secondary) and segmental (tertiary)
bronchi, smaller bronchi, and bronchioles; bronchiolar walls
contain complete layer of smooth muscle; constriction of this
muscle impedes expiration
A
bronchial tree
15
Q
function of bronchial tree
A
Air passageways connecting trachea with
alveoli; warms and moistens incoming air
16
Q
Microscopic chambers at end of bronchial tree; walls of simple
squamous epithelium—type I alveolar cells—underlain by thin
basement membrane; external surfaces intimately associated
with pulmonary capillaries
A
alveoli
17
Q
alveoli function
A
main sites of gas exchange
18
Q
type of epithelium in alveoli
A
simple cuboidal epithelium
19
Q
surfactant does what
A
reduces surface tension
20
Q
Paired composite organs located within pleural cavities
of thorax; composed primarily of alveoli and respiratory
passageways; stroma is fibrous elastic connective tissue,
allowing lungs to recoil passively during expiration
A
lungs
21
Q
stroma of lungs is what kind of tissue
A
fibrous elastic connective tissue
22
Q
Serous membranes; parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity;
visceral pleura covers external lung surfaces
A
pleurae
23
Q
function of pleurae
A
Produce lubricating fluid and
compartmentalize lungs
24
Q
how does ventilation help with diffusion of
blood gasses?
A
maintains large gradients between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
25
hypoxia vs anoxia
hypoxia is insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues
anoxia - no oxygen is reaching the tissues
26
What causes air to be moved along the airway – what anatomy
is responsible for this?
pressure changes - diaphram, intercostal muscles and accessory muscles are responsible
27
When the diaphragm
contracts, does it go up or down?
moves downward to decrease pressure in the lungs
28
If the diaphragm goes down, what happens to pressure withing
the lungs?
it drops, the volume increases so pressure decreases
29
which muscles are primary respiratory
intercostal uscles, diaphragm
30
which muscles are accessory respiratory
pec minor, scalenes, quadrates lumborum
31
Can you name an accessory muscle for inhalation, exhalation?
for inhalation - sternocleidomastoid, pec minor
in exhalaition - rectus abdominis
32
What is a
pneumothorax?
air enters pleural cavity, air breaks seal of pleural fluid that holds the lung to the thoracic wall, collapses lung
33
What additionally happens to cause a tension pneumothorax?
pressure is built up in pleural cavity , lungs are compressed against heart
34
What bones that we learned in the skull help make the nasal septum?
ethmoid bone, vomer, top of maxilla
35
where are conchae found
nasal cavity
36
What skull bones contain paranasal sinuses?
frontla , sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones
37
What epithelial and CT
layers are found in respiratory mucosa?
a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, lamina propria layer
38
Know how the epithelium layer (part of respiratory
mucosa p.648) of the airway changes as you go down
upper is pesudostratified ciliated columnar , goes to simple columnar or cuboidal , then simple squamous
39
where is lamina propria located
just under respiratory mucosa
40
what glands are in the submucosa
mucous glands and serous glands
41
produce a watery rich enzyme fluid
serous gland
42
which structures in the respiratory system have an extra later of smooth muscle
bronchi, bronchioles
43
What does secreted lysozyme do in the nasal cavity?
antibacterial action, kills microbes,
44
Why have cilia along
the epithelium?
moves mucos upward
45
function of uvula
helps with swallowing, aids in speech, triggers gag reflex which protects the body from swallowing dangerous objects
46
how does uvula move in swallowing
moves upward during swallowing to help close off nasopharynx
47
three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx
48
nasopharynx anatomy
directly posterior to nasal cavity, serves as only an air passageway, uvula closes it off during swallowing
49
what tonsil is associated with the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
50
oropharynx anatomy
posterior to oral cavity, archlike entranceway, both swallowed food and inhaled air pass thru here, contains thick stratified squamous epithelium which protects against friction
51
larynogopharynx anatomy
serves as common passageway for food and air, lined with stratified squamous, posterior to larynx,
52
what tonsils associated with oropharynx
palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil
53
where is the epiglottis and how does it move when swallowing
- flap of cartilage just above larynx,
- flips downward during swallowing to prevent food from going down trachea
54
what is windpipe known as
trachea
55
What cartilage is found at the larynx, inside and outside
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid
56
where is the hyoid bone in relation to the larynx and
tongue?
above the larynx, below the tongue
57
muscles associated with what help move vocal cords
arytenoid cartilage
58
what is found in tonsils, what od they do
clusters of lymphoid tissue, defend body against pathogen s
59
What is the position of vocal cords when
talking?
they are partially closed to allow airflow to vibrate the cords
60
How does speed of air, tension on vocal cords affect sound production?
speed - loudness, pitch
tension - higher pitched sounds with high tension, lower pitched sounds with low tension
61
trachea anatomy
wall contains 16-20 c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, connected together by intervening membranes of fibroeleastic cartilages
62
what is tracheostomy
an incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing
63
describe mucocilliary elevator
transports mucus with trapped foreign particles upstream , prevents accumulation of harmful substances in lungs
64
Know number of lung
lobes, their names and locations
superior , middle , inferior lobes of right lung, inferior and superior lobes of left lung
65
epithelium at alveoli is what
type I, simple squamous
66
Know which bronchi is more likely to be where
small inhaled objects end up
right main bronchi due to it being wider, shorter and more vertical
67
what adjusts diameter of bronchioles, what dialtes
ANS adjusts diameter, SNS dilates
68
newborn respiratory distress is what
lack of surfactant in alveoli, noncompliance
69
Know basic anatomy of serous membranes of pleural cavity (visceral, parietal pleura)
inner layer is visceral pleura, directly covers surface of lungs, parietal lines inner surface of thoracic cavity, anchors lung within thoracic cavity
70
friction reduction in pleural cavity
pleural fluid
71
Know the function of chemoreceptors for blood gasses and their influence on the brain’s
respiratory center
function - detect changes in co2, o2, and pH levels
influence - increase ventilation in areas with high co2, low o2, decrease ventilation in opposite
72
limitations in detecting hemoglobin saturation, which leads to
things like carbon monoxide poisoning going undetected by the body
chemoreceptors cannot detect oxygen or co bound to hemoglobin, so if your hemoglobin is bound to CO and not o2, the body wouldn't know
73
basics of COPD
long term lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema
74
anatomy affected and what happens during chronic bronchitis
anatomy - bronchi
what happens - inflammation and thickening of airway walls, narrowing airways
75
anatomy affected and what happens during emphysema
anatomy - alveoli]
what happens - alveolar walls are damaged, lose elastin, lungs cannot exhale
76
4 layers of digestive tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, serosa
77
layers of mucosa
lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucose
78
function of mucosa
epithelium - absorb nutrients and secrete mucus,
lamina propria - nourish lining epithelium, contains MALT
muscularis mimosa - local movements of mucosa
79
function of submucosa
structural support, blood supply to mucosa, nerve supply , regulates secretion and immune defense
80
muscularis externa funciono
has two layers, push food thru GI tract (peristalsis), segmentation,
81
serosa funciton
protection for GI organs, lubrcation for organs to slide smoothly against each other
82
assecory digestive organs
teeth, tongue, gall bladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
83
what is peritonitiis
inflammation of peritoneum, usually due to infection or internal rupture, it is an emergency
84
what is the intrinsic plexus
network of nerves inside the GI tract, control motility, secretion, absorption, operates independently
85
Where do the functions of physical digestion, chemical digestion and
absorption occur
physical - mouth, stomach, small intestine
chemical - mouth (amylase) stomach, small intestines (digestive enzymes(
absorption - small intestine, large intestine
86
What epithelium lines the GI in different areas?
mouth, oropharynx, esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium
stomach - simple columnar epithelium
small intestine 0 simple columnar
large intestine - simple columnar
anus - stratified squamous
87
What is found in the submucosa layer?
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, mucous glands, serous glands
88
describe retroperitoneal organs
organs that develop and remain outside of peritoneal cavity behind peritoneum ex kidney
89
describe secondarily retroperitoneal organs
organs that develop within peritoneal cavity but later become retroperitoneal
90
dorsal vs ventral mesentery
dorsal associated with back part of abdominal cavity
ventral - associated with front part of abdominal cavity
91
Know how smooth muscle basically differs from
skeletal and cardiac muscle to the detail in class – single unit arrangement.
smooth - connected by gap junctions, formed in layers
skeletal - long cylindrical multinucleated, parallel
cardiac - branched uninucleate, striated
92
How are ‘single unit’
smooth muscle cells innervated, what do pacemakers do?
innervated by autonomic NS, pacemaker cells generate spontaneous APs, once they meet threshold, they generate rhythmic APs
93
How are slow wave potentials in these
pacemakers of the GI tract different from pacemakers we saw at the heart?
Heart created direct aps to the heart, GI generate slow wave potentials which need additional input to trigger contraction
94
What determines
whether an AP will occur in GI tract
slow wave potential generated by pacemaker cells
95
how is intrinsic plexus involved in formation of AP
enteric NS can function autonomously, responsible for local reflexes,
96
will PNS promote or inhibit Pacemaker firing
promotes PM firing
97
Why are there these differences in whether action potentials are
always produced?
controlled motility which allows for efficient digestion
98
function of intrinsic muscles of tongue
change shape of tongue
99
function of extrinsic muscle tongue
alter position of tongue
100
How do the palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal muscles contribute
to swallowing
palatoglossal - lift back of tongue during swallowing, aids in pushing food toward oropharynx
palatopharyngeal muscle e- closes of nasopharynx during swallowing
101
dental formula
2 incisor, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
102
Know how ectoderm (forming dental lamina)
interacts with underlying neural crest mesenchyme to form tooth germ with enamel organ, dental
papilla, dental sac
ectoderm thickens, forming lamina, thickening signals mesenchyme to condense which forms early tooth sites
103
what does enamel organ form
enamel
104
what does the dental papilla for
dentin and pulp of tooth
105
what does dental sac form
cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone
106
what is a cavity
gradual demineralization of the enamel and dentin by bacterial action
107
what is dental plaque
film of sugar, bacteria, and other debris
108
content and function of saliva
mix of water, ions, mucus, and enzymes
moistness mouth, dissolves food chemicals, wets food, binds food together into a bolus
109
Know content and function of gastric secretions,
HCl, pepsinogen, mucus,
110
stimulation of gastric secretions,
stretch, presence of proteins, rising pH
111
function of pyloric valve
controls entry of chyme into intestine
112
How is a bolus
converted to chyme?
bolus enters stomach, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion
113
What is a hiatal hernia
stomach pushes up through diaphragm into chest cavity via esophageal hiatus
114
how can hiatal hernia be associated with GERD
stomach acid can more easily reflux into esophagus
115
Why
can someone with a hiatal hernia seem like they have a different problem?
great mimic, symptoms from hernia are very similar to a lot of other conditions
116
What change in
epithelium layer is associated with Barrett’s esophagus?
normal stratified squamous of esophagus is converted to simple columnar like the intestine
117
what are peptic ulcers
open sores in mucosa of stomach or intestines,
118
what is h pylori
bacteria that infects stomach lining, gets into stomach pits to infect it
119
Name two things that stimulate gastric secretions.
stretching of the stomach, presences of protein in the stomach
120
which part of small intestine is longest
ileum
121
What exocrine secretions are released in the duodenum?
bile from the liver and gall bladder, pancreatic juice, intestinal enzymes
122
where is malt mostly found in small intestine
ileum
123
Finger-like projections of the mucosa (inner lining) that protrude into the lumen of the small intestine.
villi
124
Tiny, hair-like projections on the surface of enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) that cover the villi.
microvilli
125
Large, deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine.
circular folds
126
What are the basic digestive functions of the liver and pancreas?
liver - produce bile
pancreas - secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate , regulate blood sugar
127
Where is your hepatic portal system (hps),
between GI tract and liver
128
what anatomy is involved with the hps?
hepatic portal vein, liver, GI tract, hepatic veins
129
function of hps
transport nutrient rich blood and toxins absorbed from GI tract to the liver
130
What anatomy is involved with the 1st pass effect for oral medication
mouth and esophagus, stomach and small intestine, mesenteric vein, liver,
131
describe first pass effect
After the drug is absorbed in the small intestine, it enters the hepatic portal vein, which carries it to the liver. In the liver, enzymes break down the drug, reducing the amount of active drug that reaches the rest of the body. This effect can significantly decrease the drug's bioavailability.
132
How is the condition of ascites related to the hps?
fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity , portal hypertension is reduced blood flow in the liver causing increased pressure in hepatic portal - pressure leaks out of capillaries
133
What is the function of the
ileocecal valve?
regulates flow, prevent back flow,
134
what does bile do
emulsifies fat, neutralizes stomach acidity
135
What do pancreatic
exocrine secretions do?
release digestive enzymes, release bicarbonate to neutralize chyme,
136
exocrine vs endocrine gland
exocrine - secrete their products into ducts
endocrine- secrete products directly into bloodstream
137
Name
some other functions of the liver besides making bile
pick up glucose from nutrient rich blood, processes fats and amino acids, detoxifies poisons and drugs in the blood
138
liver has what capillaries
sinusoid
139
describe crohns disease
deep ulcers and fissures form along entire intestine but primarily in terminal ileum
140
describe ulcerative colitis
chronic condiotn causing inflammation and ulcers in the colon
141
where do efferent glomerular arteriole lead
away from the glomerus
142
where do afferent glomerular arteriole lead
to th eglomerus
143
the destination for all the reabsorbed compounds like water, salts, glucose, amino acids
peritubular capillaries
144
captures filtrate right at the beginning of the nephron
Bowmans capsule
145
dives through the medulla to the pelvis of the kidney
collecting duct
146
explain collecting duct and osmosis
osmosis can draw water out of the collecting ducts to concentrate urine if water is needed to be resorbed
147
'deep diving' nephrons called...
juxtamedullary nephrons
148
function of jm nephrons
help set up the salt gradient in the kidney medulla to make a big osmotic gradient.
149
what is renal pelvis and function
funnel shaped structure in kidney - acts as central collecting area for urine before it passes to ureter
150
what is renal pyramid
triangle shaped section of medulla, contain urine collecting tubules
151
what is ureter
muscular tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
152
Know cortex vs. medulla regions of kidney,
cortex - outer region , contains most of the nephron
medulla - inner part , has renal pyramids, loop of hence, collecting ducts
153
juxtamedullary vs. cortical nephrons
jm - 15 % of nephrons - near cortex medulla boundary, long loop , helps conc urine ia water resorb tin
cortical - 85% , in outer cortex, short loop, most of the filtration and resorption
154
what aspect of the kidney medulla is different than any
other region of your body and why?
medulla is very high osmolarity, due to countercurrent multiplier system , pulls water out of descending limb
155
what is vasa recta
set of vessels around loop of henle, set up salt gradient and maintains it
156
How is osmosis involved in the process of making urine
more concentrated (compared to the original plasma that forms filtrate)?
osmosis pulls water out of filtrate dirven by high salt conc in medulla, allowing body to retain water and prod conc urine
157
What anatomy will
water leave when it is attracted to high osmolarity of the medulla?
descending loop of henle and collecting duct
158
What types of substances
leave plasma to enter filtrate?
water, electrolytes, salt ions, glucose, amino acids
159
What substances in blood do not enter filtrate?
proteins, large molecules, blood cells,
160
Where are
substances moving when resorption or secretion occur and where do they happen?
reabsorption - substances(water, glucose, electrolytes) move from filtrate back into th blood to be kept
secretion - waste products, ions, drugs move from the blood into th filtrate to be excreted
161
If the kidney
is secreting something, where is that substance going? (hint: NOT into the blood)
moves from the blood into the nephron , then ultimately excreted in the urine
162
Know the hormone renin and why the kidney might release it – what cells release it and what
does it do?
- regulates blood pressure , water salt balance
- kidney releases it due to low blood pressure, low sodium levels
- granular cells release renin , increases blood pressure e
163
What happens to aldosterone levels when renin is high vs low?
high renin = high aldosterone - body trying to increase bp and fluid volume
low renin = low aldosterone
164
What is the function
of aldosterone
sodium retention , water retention, potassium excretion
165
What is the function
of aldosterone – what is resorbed when levels are high?
when levels are high, kidney reabsorbs salt and water
166
know what happens with PNS vs. SNS signaling for the detrusor, internal vs. external
urethral sphincters.
detrusor - PNS - bladder contracts, SNS - prevents contraction of detrusor
internal - PNS - doesn't affect - SNS - contraction of it
external - PNS - doesn't affect SNS - contraction
167
Compare urethra of males vs. females
urethra is longer in males
168
What is the trigone area?
internal floor of bladder - two ureteral openings, urethral opening
169
why will a UTI more likely lead to a bladder infection in
women (explained by anatomy)?
shorter urethra,
