Exam 5 Lecture Flashcards
(397 cards)
1
Q
when doe the cloaca form
A
@ 5 weeks
2
Q
purpose of cloaca
A
exit pit for shit and piss
3
Q
when is there a gonadal ridge, what does it do
A
5 weeks, making gonad to form ovary or testis
4
Q
why is the indifferent embryo indifferent
A
gonadal ridge can become either testis or ovaries
5
Q
tube in embryonic kidney can do what
A
conduct sperm
6
Q
what would mullein duct form
A
could form vagina
7
Q
what would wolfian duct become
A
male anatomy
8
Q
wolfian duct drains what
A
embryonic kidney
9
Q
what determines testosterone dev in fetuses
A
Y chromosome present or not
10
Q
what determines fate of wolffian and mullerian ducts
A
presence/absesne of test
11
Q
what make T
A
testes
12
Q
if test is made, what happens
A
Müllerian duct go away
13
Q
if testes don’t form, what happens
A
wolffian duct goes away
14
Q
what turns in to scrotum
A
labioscrotal swelling
15
Q
urethral fold don’t completely fuse
A
hypospadias
16
Q
what is intersex
A
exposure of an XX fetus to androgens can result in an intersex individual with varying morphology.
17
Q
what fetuses may have insensitivity to androgens
A
XY
18
Q
sperm produced where
A
testes
19
Q
path of sperm
A
seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra
20
Q
what does prostate control
A
either urine or sperm
21
Q
testes need to stay cool why
A
sperm can stay viable
22
Q
cools incoming arterial blood
A
pampiniform plexus
23
Q
can adjust testes location
A
cremaster
24
Q
what covers the testes
A
tunica vaginalis
25
when do testes fully descend
@7 months
26
what is attached to bottom of testes and scrotum during descension
gubernaculum
27
what happens to gubernaculum during descent, what is it doing
it shortens as development proceeds, guides testes into scrotum
28
what is required for descent
invagination of peritoneal cavity
29
if invagination doesn't break off, what happens
it makes it harder for testes to stay in the scrotum
30
what is Cryptorchidism
testes get stuck somewhere in process of descending
31
why does it hurt to get hit in the nuts
NS recognizes tests as a internal organ, so pain signals reflect injury to a large internal organ
32
describe inguinal hernia
high abdominal pressure pushes small intestine through inguinal ring into canal. It often retreats the pressure subsides
33
where does spermatogenesis occur
walls of seminiferous tubules of testes via meiosis
34
how can inguinal canal be treated
surgically
35
rate of spermatogenesis increased with what
testosterone and FSH
36
lots of what in testes
seminiferous tubes
37
where does meiosis occur
along walls of seminiferous tubules
38
mature seminiferous tubules stored where
epididymis
39
where sperm sits and is stored specifically
epididymis
40
what kind of muscle in epididymis and why is it there
smooth muscle, able to move sperm when ejected
41
sperm production/ viability influenced by what
Smoking, marijuana use
Alcohol abuse
Anabolic steroids, overly intense exercise, stress
Tight underwear, pants
Environmental pollutants (pesticides, lead, paint, radiation, heavy metals
42
which part of route for sperm contain smooth muscle
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
43
what kind of nerves carry signal sfro penis to lower spinal cord and brain
pudenal
44
pudenal nerves carry signals where to where
from penis to lower spinal cord and brain
45
spinal reflex and brain send PNS signals to what, what does this cause
to penile arterioles, CC enlarges and presses on dorsal vein
46
arousal causes what
muscle contractions that inc physical stimulation and provide positive feedback
47
features of cavernosea
has spaces in it for blood to fill
48
what part surround the urethra
sponginosum
49
describe the signals of ejaculation
a dramatic shift to SNS initiates smooth muscle contractions. Prostate pushes semen into urethra and closes exit fro bladder
50
what release fluid to contribute to semen
accessory glands
51
example fo accessory gland
seminal vesicle
52
what do seminal glands supply
fructose, prestaglandins for muscle contraction, and fibrinogen, alkaline
53
prostate gland secretes what
clotting and liquifying enzymes
54
bulbourethral glands add what
mucus for lubrication, neutralize urethra
55
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia
enlarged prostate compresses urethra, urges to urinate but urination is difficult, UTIs are common
56
describe a vasectomy
ductus deferens are cut and tied off, sperm cannot exit and are removed via phagocytosis, testosterone is still released to the blood
57
when prostate enlarges, what can happen to bladder
it can shrink
58
ovary direct connection to oviduct
does not have one
59
epithelium of vagina
stratified squamous
60
epithelium of oviduct
ciliated columnar epithelium
61
how to eggs leave ovary
they break out
62
once eggs break out of ovary, what happens
caught by beginning of oviduct then conducted along
63
beginning opening of oviduct
osteum
64
located on walls of oviduct
cilia
65
How does mullarian duct create internal anatomy
they fuse together to form uterus
66
abnormal fusion of mullarian duct
congenital uterine anomalies
67
what does congenital uterine anomalies result in
different shapes of uterus
68
layers of uterine wall inside to out
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
69
mucosal lining site of implantation
endometrium
70
endometrium responds to what
estrogen and progesterone
71
myometrium is what
smooth muscle can gain gap junctions
72
myometrium responds to what
estrogen , progesterone, oxytocin
73
contains glands to release mucus at non-fertile times and during pregnancy. The opening (os) is narrow, which combined with mucus keeps uterus sterile
cervical canal
74
opening of cervical canal known as what
OS
75
cervical canal contains what that do what
glands to release mucus at non fertile times and during pregnancy
76
what keeps uterus sterile
os is narrow and mucus
77
what is menstrual cycle due to
hormonal fluctuations at ovaries and uterus
78
ovarian cycle stimulates what
production of ovarian follicles and oocytes
79
2 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase and luteal phase
80
prepares uterus for possible pregnancy
uterine cycle
81
2 phases of uterine cycle
proliferative phase and secretory phase
82
FSH and LH do what
promote ovulation, induce corpus luteum, influence estrogen and later progesterone release
83
estrogen comes form what
follicle
84
estrogen rises when
during the proliferative phase
85
estrogen targets what to do what
endo and myometrium to proliferate
86
progesterone comes from what
corpus luteum
87
progesterone rises and falls when
rises after ovulation but typically falls at end of cycle
88
progesterone targets what to do what
endometrium to vascularize, store glycogen, water, reduce contractions
89
FSH and LH promote what
ovulation, induce corpus lute and influence estrogen and later progesterone release
90
follicle makes estrogen when
early in ovarian cycle
91
describe an ovarian cyst
when a follicle doesn't fully mature and release an egg, or corpus luteum reseals
92
what actually makes up the ovarian cyst
fluid and egg staying in ovary
93
corpus luteum produces lots of what
progesterone
94
shed vs not shed layers in endometrium
functional layer sheds, basal is not shed
95
functional layer thickens as what
more matrix is made and uterine glands grow
96
spiral arteries expand with what
levels of progesterone,
97
uterine glands release what in the uterine cycle
glycogen
98
which is bigger, proliferative or secretory phase
secretory phase
99
oral contraceptives contain what
progestin and estrogen
100
oral contraceptives inhibit what , results in what
LH and FSH, no ovulation
101
progestin causes cervical gland to do what
produce thick mucus
102
artificial hormones do not promote much what
endometrium proliferation
103
what makes up breast
mammary gland with surrounding CT w adipocytes
104
mammary glands are what, do what
modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk w fat, proteins, lactose
105
what do immunoglobulins do released by mammary glands
immune system proteins
106
lobe of breast is what
cluster of glands, lots of ducts, each lobe has a duct to the nipple
107
what gives breasts their size
adipose tissue
108
what influence milk production
hormones
109
what is endometriosis
endometrial cells drift into oviduct from menstrual fluid reflux
110
result of endometriosis
endometrial cells thicken and break, cannot exit the body, irritation, fibrous scarring causes pain, can affect fertility
111
describe vagina mucosa (epithelium , fibers, muscle type)
stratified squamous, elastic fibers, smooth muscles, slightly acidic
112
clitoris homologous to what
penis
113
features of clitoris
has erectile tissue, and glans
114
vestibular glands releases what w what
release mucus with arousal
115
provide quick nutrients for potential new embryo
endometrium
116
sperm releases enzymes to digest down to what
nucleus of oocyte
117
when sperm reaches nucleus of oocyte, what is created
diploid zygote
118
at the blastocyst stage, trophoblast makes what
hCG
119
egg only lasts about how long, sperm lasts about how long
egg a day, sperm several days
120
zygote travels via what
cilia
121
what layer forms around the embryo @ early blastocyst
trophoblast
122
trophoblast makes what
hCG
123
hCG function
signal corpus luteum to stay, also is tested for pregnancy
124
if no pregnancy, corpus luteum forms what
corpus albicas
125
what does hCG block
corpus luteum turning into corpus albicas
126
the placenta produces what
estrogen, progesterone
127
in beginning of pregnancy, what produces estrogen and progesterone
corpus luteum
128
when placenta comes out what happens, can cause what
hormone levels drop, thought to cause post party depression
129
hCG reaches height when
corpus luteum is producing is making estrogen and progesterone
130
what can happen to spine during pregnancy
extreme lordosis - sciatic nerve pain
131
effects of pregnancy on bladder and stomach
less room for both, can cause heart burn
132
muscular changes during pregnancy
linea alba stretches
133
cervix during pregnancy
it is tightly closed, mucus plug to prevent infection
134
outer trophoblast digests into what
endometrium
135
describe implantation
outer trophoblast digests into endometrium
136
what is used as energy source for implantation
glycogen
137
blood during implantation
pools of maternal blood form
138
extra embryonic layers are what
chorion and amnion
139
what extra embryonic layer dissolves for implantaton
chorian
140
chorion makes what
hCG, villi into pools of blood
141
chorion become what
placenta
142
describe amniotic band syndrome
bands of fibers break and interact with the developing fetus, can get caught in hands and feet, interfering with development
143
describe exchange across placenta
nutrients from mom's blood diffuse to placenta, can be harmful if mother consumes alchohol, smokes.
144
describe ectopic pregnancy
implantation occurs outside of uterine wall that can't support its growth
145
most common ectopic pregnancy
embryo doesn't make it to uterus before it starts to implant, can be very dangerous
146
what can resolve ectopic pregnancy
surgery
147
what is placental previa
placenta forms across cervic - preg can be sustained but childbirth would cause extreme blood loss
148
placental abruption
form an accident, partial circulatory connection between mom and baby
149
what is pelvic inflammatory disease
typically due to untreated STD or other infection, spreads up into uterus then into oviduct
150
what can be a result of pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation recruits fibroblasts -> unusual fibrousness in oviduct
151
made up of nerves and ganglia attaching to spinal cord
peripheral NS
152
central NS develops from what
bone structure
153
includes brain and spinal cord
CNS
154
afferent
sensory
155
efferent
motor
156
controls voluntary movements
somatic NS
157
controls involuntary movements
autonomic NS
158
fight or flight
sympathetic
159
rest and digest
parasympathetic
160
communication of this system line between CNS and rest of body
peripheral NS
161
conserves energy, what NS division
parasympathetic
162
2 divisions of efferent division
somatic and autonomic NSs
163
2 divisions of autonomic NS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
164
Nueral tube has what that form the brain
anterior swellings
165
what has anterior swellings that form brain
neural tube
166
parts of neural tube and what do they form
anterior swellings - brain
rest of tube - spinal cord
167
at 4 weeks of development, what parts of brain are forming
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
168
what forms the interconnected ventricles in brain
neural canal
169
what are ventricles of brain lined with
choroid plexus tissue
170
choroid plexus tissue function
cerebrospinal fluid production
171
which ventricles in brain are large
lateral
172
how to identify the third ventricle
has small circle for pineal gland
173
characteristics of gray brain matter
lots of cell bodies of neurons, synapses are here
174
where is there a lot of grey matter in the brain
outer edges
175
describe white brain matter
bands of axons
176
why is white brain matter white
lots of myelin around axons of neurons
177
comes from cortex to spine
corticospinal tract
178
tracts are located in what matter
white matter
179
tract used when brain controls body movement
corticospinal tract
180
dura mater has what kind of tissue
dense fibrous connective tissuue
181
arachnoid space contains what
CSF and vasculature
182
arachnoid villi is site of what
CSF drainage to blood
183
site of CSF drainage to blood
arachnoid villi
184
layers of brain top to bottom
scalp, periosteum, skull, periostea dura, meningeal dura, arachnoid, sub arachnoid space, pia mater
185
thin covering, can dive down all grooves of brain
pia mater
186
where does CSF flow
sub arachnoid space
187
what layer can poke into sagittal sinus
arachnoid
188
purpose of arachnoid poking into sagittal sinus
puts CSF in blood
189
dura mater extends into what cavity
cranial
190
dura mater extends into cranial cavity to create what and why
2 reflections, compartmentalize the brain to limit movement
191
2 reflections made by dura mater
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
192
does cSF change speed
yes
193
CSF formed from what
blood
194
function of CSF
gives buoyancy , cushions and nourishes brain
195
choroid plexus have assoc with what and why
capillaries, that is where CSF is made from blood
196
wehre is CSF made
choroid plexus
197
CSF formed from blood at what kind of cells
ependymal cells of choroid plexus
198
what kind of capillaries in choroid plexus
fenestrated
199
junction type of ependymal cells
tight jxns
200
tight jxns of ependymal cells form what
blood CSF barrier
201
CSF reabsorbed where
dural venous sinuses
202
regulates what enters CSF
blood CSF barrier
203
what structure divides ventricles
septum pellucidum
204
what is hydrocephalus
water on brain, flow obstructed somewhere in brain, buildup in ventricle
205
most common form of hydrocephalus
enlarged ventricles
206
treatment of hydrocephalus
can put in shunt to draw fluid
207
main brain arteries
internal carotid and vertebral
208
internal carotid supplies most of what
cerebrum
209
internal carotid enters through what, forms what
enters through carotid canal
forms anterior and middle cerebral arteries
210
vertebral artery supplies what
brain stem, some cerebrum
211
vertebral artery travels through what, forms what
travels thru transverse foramen and foramen magnum
forms basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery
212
what join to form common carotid artery
internal carotid and external carotid arteries
213
if plaque breaks off at carotid junction, what can happen
stroke can quickly happen
214
circle of willis provides what
redundant blood flow to reduce ischemia if vessels get blocked
215
redundancy of circle of willis does what
ensures if a vessel gets blocked, blood can still get to places it needs to go
216
circle of wills redundancy only works for what
large vessels
217
2 types of stroke
hemorrhagic or ischemic
218
describe ischemic stroke
blood clot in cerebral artery blocks blood flow to part of the brain, results in brain death
219
describe hemorrhagic stroke
Caused by a blood vessel rupturing and bleeding into the brain
220
what can indicate whether hemorrhagic or ischemic
various symptoms
221
why do drs want to know if it is hemorrhagic or ischemic
see iff they can give blood thinner meds
222
how can strokes be treated
clot busting meds, stint possibly placed
223
anterior stroke symptoms stroke
contralateral leg weakness/numbness
224
middle stroke symptoms stroke
contralateral arm weakness/numbness, deviations of eye, speaking
225
posterior stroke symptoms stroke
reduced vision or comprehension of speech,
226
left posterior symptoms of stroke
read poorly
227
basilar symptoms of stroke
bilateral, weakness of face, throat, consciousness, breathing, locked in syndrome e
228
what is locked in syndrome
when a person is conscious and aware but cannot move almost any part of their body
229
describe blood brain barrier
capillaries at brain are continuous with tight junction, no pores.... many toxins, urea cannot diffuse into brain
230
how are certain molecules getting into brain, what are they
selectively transported, glucose and AA
231
what kind of molecules can diffuse into brain
non polar, lipid soluble molecules like alcohol and nicotine
232
can BBB change
yes, changes with diseases
233
what determines whether meds can reach CNS
BBB
234
how can drugs be designed to bypass BBB
polar regions are hidden,
235
connection between spinal cord and cerebrum
brainstem
236
where are cranial nerves found
all but 2 found in brainstem
237
brain matter of brain stem , purpose
mostly white matter, some grey matter nuclei - centers for ANS and relays to cerebellum
238
main structures of brain stem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
239
a set of nuclei that include: cardiovascular & respiratory centers, reflexive behaviors (swallowing, vomiting, coughing)
medulla oblongata
240
carry voluntary motor signals to body – these cross at the medulla
pyramidal tracts
241
medulla oblongata has sensory and motor nuclei for CNs which ones
8,9,10,12
242
left hemisphere controls what side of body due to what
right side due to crossing of pyramidal tracts at medulla
243
where is vomiting center located
in medulla oblongata
244
what monitors blood in vomit center
chemoreceptor trigger zone
245
describe BBB in chemoreceptor trigger zone
loose here, allow toxin in bad food in blood to pass and trigger vomit
246
chemoreceptor trigger zone has axons that reach what
vomiting center
247
what are the places that vomiting center receives info
chemoreceptor trigger zone, inner ear, cerebrum, , GI
248
white matter connecting thalamus to pons, contains pyramidal tracts
cerebral peduncle
249
cerebral peduncle has what kind of matter, connects what parts of brain
white matter, connects thalamus to pons
250
superior colliculus communicates with what
oculomotor and trochlear nerves
251
main function of superior colliculus
tracking eye movement
252
inferior colliculus does what
responsible for auditory reflex, like turning head in response to a sound
253
influences voluntary movements to provide balance, posture, coordination
cerebellum
254
Allows for motor learning
cerebellum
255
what are motor memories
forming ability to do something that requires coordination like golf swing or bball shot
256
cerebellar hypoplasia is what
small cerebellum, much less coordinated
257
A gateway to the cortex
thalamus
258
what kind of signals synapse at thalamus
afferent signals
259
afferent signals synapsed in thalamus relayed to what
cerebral cortex
260
provides filtering of stimuli
thalamus
261
determines what part of the brain signals go to
thalamus
262
some info requires more attention, what is this called and what does it
filtering of stimuli, thalamus does it
263
how many hemispheres of cerebrum
2
264
hemispheres of cerebrum connected via what
corpus callosum
265
why is cerebrum folded
it can form more gray area
266
Senses conscious body senses including: pain, hot/cold and proprioception (position
somatosensory cortex
267
what is proprioception
sense of body position based on length of muscles
268
controls our movements
motor cortex
269
motor cortex does what kinds of movements
simple movements in body, doesn't plan them
270
what areas plan movements
frontal and parietal lobes
271
where is hippocampus positioned
between thalamus and cerebrum
272
vital in learning and memory
hippocampus
273
involved in storage of info
hippocampus
274
transfer of working memories to long term storage uses what
hippocampus
275
neurogenesis can occur where
hippocampus
276
what is anterograde amnesia
loss of hippocampus - can't learn new things
277
ascending PW describe it
sensory, starts at a sensory receptor and travels to thalamus then brain
278
descending PW describe it
motor, starts in motor cortex, down corticospinal tract to motor neuron then muscle
279
Neurons w motor commands (from frontal, parietal) to the body have axons that project through the medulla, making the pyramidal tracts, what is this
corticospinal tract
280
how many neurons in corticospinal tract
2 neurons
281
what matter makes up CST
white matter
282
what synapse onto motor neuron w/in spinal cord gray matter
axons
283
travels along spinal nerve to muscle, what does this
axon of motor neuron
284
corticospinal tract becomes myelinated by what age
2
285
before CST is myelinated, what is there
infant display positive Babinski sign
286
what if adult shows babinski sign
may be an injury along CST
287
babinski sign goes away with what
myelination of CST
288
what is the babinski reflex
touch along bottom of foot, toes spread out
289
what is a spinal nerve
collection of axons that is considered after both motor and sensory join togehter
290
describe spinal nerve branching
branch quickly
291
where do spinal nerves exit
out interverebral foramen
292
where do spinal nerves develop
spinal column
293
where does spinal cord actually end
lumbar area
294
a portion of dermis that is innervated by the same spinal nerve
dermatome
295
dermatome derived from what
somites
296
describe shingles
varicella zoster virus (chicken pox) may lay dormant along dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves, caused by reactivation of the virus
297
what are brachiomeric nerves
segments of your head, different sections
298
what nerves are branchiomeric nerves
nerves 5,7,9,10 - all are mixed
299
trigeminal nerve is branchiomeric nerve for what
mandibular arch
300
facial nerve is branchiomeric nerve for what
hyoid bone
301
glossopharengreal is branchiomeric nerve for what
pharynx and tongue
302
vagus is branchiomeric nerve for what
larynx tongue, viscera
303
nerve important to denists and why
trigeminal nerve, Dentists need to be able to numb branches of this nerve to perform various procedures
304
smooth muscle that controls pupil size
iris
305
what kind of muscle is iris
smooth muscle
306
what makes up th fibrous layer of the eye
cornea, sclera
307
cells specialized to admit light
cornea
308
function of sclera
support eye
309
type of tissue for cornea
dense collagen CT btw epithelium and endothelium
310
epithelium of cornea can do what if injured
can regenerate
311
how is collagen layered in cornea
into thin stacked sheets
312
most of the bending of light fo focusing occurs where
at cornea
313
bending of light
refraction
314
cornea vascular or avascular
avascular
315
how does o2 get to aqueous humor
diffuses from air
316
gives o2 and nutrients to cornea and lens
aqueous humor
317
aqueous humor gets absorbed and produced by...
ciliary body
318
what is corneal nonvascularization
blood vessels grow into cornea -> causes vascularization that can affect vision
319
A vascularized mucus membrane that covers sclera, underside of eyelids,
conjunctiva
320
conjunctiva becomes what
cornea epithelium
321
epithelium around eye is mostly what
stratified columnar, w goblet cels releasing mucus
322
blockages in aqueous humor flow can create what, what is it known as
pressure on optic nerve, called glaucoma
323
conjunctivitis
pink eye, infection of conjunctiva
324
what kind of glands are tarsal glands
sebaceous glands
325
tarsal glands release what
lipids that contribute tears
326
purpose of lipids released by tarsal glands
so that tears won't evaporate
327
pore for tarsal glands located where
along base of eye lashes
328
issues with tarsal glands causes what
tears evaporate
329
lacrimal fluid contributes what
watery fluid for tears
330
tears drain into what
nasolacrimal duct
331
tear film on eye comes from what
1. goblet cells of conjunctiva (mucus) 2. lacrimal gland (water) 3. tarsal glands (oil)
332
what produces mucus in the eye
goblet cells of conjunctiva
333
what produces water in the eye
lacrimal gland
334
what produces oils/lipids in th eyes
tarsal glands
335
what structure is coninuous with with cornea
sclera
336
which muscle is important for focusing
choroid muscle
337
what structure in the eye is extremely vascularized
choroid
338
describe the blind spot in the eye
axons funnel together to make the optic nerve
339
central part of macula
fovea
340
what is the area of high acuity in the eye
fovea of macula
341
high amount of what in macula
cones
342
why should sunglasses have UV protection
if they are just dimming everything, the iris opens up and allows more UV radiation in
343
layer in eye that is darkly pigmented and vascular
chorooid
344
function of choroid
provide nutrients to other layers, dark color absorbs light so it doesn't scatter within the eye
345
first layer that light travels through
neural layer
346
what is light received by in the eye
photoreceptor cells
347
can respond to light of any WL
rods
348
work well in low light
rods
349
where are majority of rods located , what does this do
toward outside, improves peripheral vision
350
respond to a particular WL
cones
351
refracts light to focus images to the back of retina
lens
352
describe what structures we control in order to focus vision
cannot focus cornea, we can focus lens
353
focusing aka
accomodation
354
myopic eye is what
nearsighted
355
hyperopic eye is what
farsighted
356
light rays from objects must converge where
on retina at focal point
357
the more curve of the lens, what happens
more bending of light
358
for distant vision, what does happens
cilliery muscle relaxes, lens is stretched and becomes flatter
359
for close vision, what happens
cilliary muscle contracts, lens widens and bulges together
360
area with lots of acuity
fovea
361
pit within macila
fovea
362
pit of fovea forms from what
lack of receiving neurons in the way of incoming light
363
fovea contains mostly what
cones
364
what happens with macular degeneration
loss of acuity
365
how to cataracts develop
lens cell proteins become insoluble and clump
366
cataracts more likely to develop with what
age, diabetes, steroid use, trauma, eye surgery
367
purpose of crystallin proteins
serve as chaperones to prevent other proteins from misfolding and aggregating
368
crystallin proteins located where
lens and cornea
369
with age what happens to crystallin
reduce in function and clump together
370
change in eye s refractive capacity with age
presbyopia
371
what happens with presbyopia
lens loses flexibility, ciliary muscle loses contraction function
372
3 regions of eear
outer middle inner
373
tube that connects ear to nasopharynx
eustachian tube
374
ear bones do what
amplify ever drum vibrations
375
last ear bone is what, does hwat
stapes, touches inner ear at oval window
376
ear drum located where
middle ear
377
small snail shape
cochlea
378
where are sound waves amplified, what causes the amplification here
middle ear, bc of middle ear bone
379
bones in middle ear have what kind of action
lever action
380
bigger amplitude useful why
you need stronger wave to vibrate liquid than you would air
381
stapes movement creates what
pressure wave in fluids of cochlea
382
pressure wave in fluids of cochlea cause what
vibrations of the chocelar duct
383
cochlear duct filled with what
liquid
384
describe cochlear duct membrane
is flexible, can vibrate
385
hair cells located on top of cochealr duct
stereocilia
386
stiff, has hair cells underneath that move it
tectorial membrane
387
inner hair cells are what
afferent, purely sensory
388
outer Hair cells do what
shorten and lengthen with sound to push on tectorial membrane and enhance detection of low sounds
389
fluid movements in the cochlea cause what
movement of basilar membrane
390
if someone has bad hearing, what do they test for
see if outer hair cells work
391
outer Hari cells push on tectorial membrane to do what
help it detect sounds
392
different sound freq detected where
different areas of cochlea
393
why are different sound frequencies detected at different areas of cochlea
width and stiffness of basilar membrane changes
394
sound not conducted through middle ear. Helped w/hearing aids
conductive deafness
395
Typically due to hair cell damage or nerve damage. Hair cells cannot regenerate
sensorineural deafness
396
can hair cells in ear regenerate
no
397
what can cause sensorineural deafness
being around CONSTANT LOUD NOISE
