Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
moving apart is what
A
abduction
2
Q
moving together is what
A
adduction
3
Q
pronated is wht
A
leaning inward, palm down
4
Q
supinated is what
A
palm up
5
Q
what is a fasicle
A
bundle of muscle cells
6
Q
what is bipennate
A
having muscle fibers that slant and attach to a central tendon on both sides,
7
Q
what is unipennate
A
tendon develops on one side
8
Q
parallel muscles is what
A
fibers in parallel arrangement
9
Q
what are parallel muscle fibers good for
A
force
10
Q
what are convergent muscle fibers
A
origin is in broad area, comes together to a point
11
Q
e stands for what in lever action
A
effort
12
Q
f stands for what in lever action
A
fulcrum
13
Q
R stands for what in lever action
A
what is being moved
14
Q
order of fulcrum efoort load for first class
A
E, F, R
15
Q
order of fulcrum effort load for second class
A
F, R, E
16
Q
order of fulcrum effort load for third class
A
F, E, R
17
Q
example of first class lever and what parts are what
A
triceps are effort (pulldown), trochelar notch is fulcrum, distal end of ulna is load
18
Q
Lo represents what in levers
A
length of the load arm (the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the load is applied)
19
Q
what does li represent levers
A
while “li” represents the length of the effort arm (the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the force is applied
20
Q
efort arm>load arm= what
A
mechanical advantage
21
Q
load arm > effort arm = what
A
speed advantage
22
Q
in second class lever, which arm is always longer
A
effort arm always longer than load arm
23
Q
what kind of advantage is present in second class lever
A
mechanical advantgage
24
Q
less effort required to move what in second class lever
A
heavy load
25
less effort requied to move a heavy laod in what class
second class
26
example of second class lever
plantar flex
27
what is order of fulcrum effort load second class
fulcrum, load, effort
28
in third class, what arm is alwasy shorter
effort arm always shorter than load
29
third class lever allows load to be moved how
over a long distacne, more effort needed
30
exampels of third class lever
most skeletal muscles
31
order of fulcrum effort load third class
fulcrum effort load
32
in development, what produces skeletal muscle
myotome
33
as time goes on what does myotome do
produce different shapes of muscle as development goes on
34
embryonic myoblasts derive from what
myotomes
35
what do myotomes do
fuse to form multinucleated cells
36
other myoblasts remain as what
myosatellite cells
37
muscles can do what to the actions of other muscles
can contribute to or be antagonistic to
38
prime movers have what muscles and can have what msucles
have antagonistic muscles, can have synergistic muscles
39
what are synergistic muscles
groups of muscles working in the same direction
40
nervous system ensures that when agonist is contracting, what is happening
antagonist automatically inhibited
41
adductors are on what side
medial
42
abductors are on what side of joint they influence
lateral side of joint they influce
43
limb anatomy divided into what by what
compartments by dense fibrous connective tissue (fascia)
44
in compartments, what is shared
innervation
45
within a compartment what branch out and what do they do
nerves and arteries branch to serve different muscles
46
how many compartments of upper arm
2
47
how many compartments of thigh and what are they
3 extensors, adductor, flexor
48
3 compartments of calf are
dosriflexion, eversion, plantar flexion
49
what is compartment syndrome
pressure builds within a compartment due to internal bleeding, swelling from injury or overuse, blood flow can be compromised
50
acute CP is what
an emergency, needs surgery
51
compartment syndrome is due to what structure
tough fascia that surrounds cavities
52
what kind of incisions are necessary for compartment syndrome
long incisions to relieve presure, then cut deep into fasia
53
besides knee flextion, what movement do thigh muscles do
some movement of foot
54
what does gluteus medius do
abduction, when shortened, brings leg outward
55
what does lat do besides adduction
bring arm backward
56
what does chest do besides adduction
brings arm up
57
heart forms from what
splanchnic mesoderm
58
heart is largest organ in what avity
mediastinum
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how is heart formed in very early development
endocaridla tubes join together -> endocardium surrounded by myocardium from heart
60
mediastinum includes what
heart and surrounds things (trachea, blood vessels
61
IN FIST IN balloon, what models what
balloon models the pericardial cavity, fist represents heart
62
layer of outside portion of cavity = what
parietal pericardium
63
what covers surface of heart
visceral pericardium
64
what surrounds the pericardium
epicardium + parietal layer
65
epicardium + partital layer = what
serous pericardium
66
cover organs and line body cavities
serous membranes
67
serous membranes consist of what
mesothelium
68
what is mesothelium
2 simple squamous layers that secrete lubricating fluid
69
muscle of the heart
myocardium
70
layers of heart wall from outside to in
simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue, epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardium, endocardium
71
another name for epicardium
visceral pericardium
72
continuous with all blood vessels in innermost part of heart
endocardium
73
how many pumps in the heart
2
74
how many phases of circulation
2
75
two circuits of the ehart
pulomnary circuit, systemic circuit
76
which circuit is larger
systemic, higher resistance
77
which side of heart pushes a lot
left
78
complete order of blood flow through heart
blood into superior vena cava, inferior, into coronary sinus, to right atrium, through tricuspid valve, into right ventricle, through pulmonary semilunar valve, into pulmonary trunk, to the lungs, back to heart through the pulmonary veins, into left atrium, through mitral valve into lect ventricle, through aortic semilunar valve into aorta, then to the body
79
what is the systemic circuit
oxygen rich blood delivered to the body tissues
80
what is pulmonary circuit
oxygen poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs
81
oxygen rich blood returns to the heart via what
4 pulmonary veins
82
what is considered pressure
force exerted by pumped blood on a vessel wall
83
what is considered resistance
opposition to blood flow from friction
84
what do pressure and resistance together do
move blood
85
what is systole
heart chamber contraction
86
what is diastole
heart chamber relacation
87
what are the 2 ventricles
left and right
88
are left and right ventricles even
no
89
which ventricle has more resistance and why
left, thicker walls for more strength
90
characteristic of right ventrciel
thinner
91
what are sulci and purpose
fat around grooves in the heart, insulates electrical flow in the heart
92
what are the sulci names
coronary and interventricular (anterior and posterior)
93
blood returning from body goes into what
superior and inferior vena cava
94
after sup and inf vena cava where does blood go
comes into right atrium
95
right atrium deals with what
different volumes
96
right atrium does what
pushes blood into ventricle through tricuspid valve
97
how many ways is tricuspid valve
1 way
98
cordae tendonae prevent what
eversion of AV valve flaps
99
what ocntracts with ventricles when talking about chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
100
chordae tendinae attach to what
underside of AV valves
101
papillary muscles contract with ventricles to do what
hold flaps in place at a time of high pressure in chamber
102
chordae tendineae ensure what
1 way flow of tricuspid valve
103
how many flaps for tricuspid
3
104
flaps of tricuspid made of what
tough material ( collagen and elastin)
105
blood goes from the right ventricle thru what
pulmonary semilunar valve
106
oxygenated blood comes into what and goes to what
left pulmonary veins, left atrium
107
blood comes intoleft ventricle via what
bicuspid valve
108
left ventricle pushes blood into what via what
into aorta, via aortic semilunar valve
109
regurgitation means what
backward flow of blood
110
cardiac fibrous skeleton made of what
dense connective tissue
111
fibrous skeleton includes what kinds of structures (what do they attach to)
rings that attach to myocardium of ventricles and atria
112
purpose of rings in the cardiac fibrous ekelton
supoorts and prevents valves from stretching - prevent direct conduction to ventricles
113
fibrous skeleton motion and why
twisting, truing to maximally squeeze chambers
114
sounds of the heart come from what
valves
115
sounds of heart described as
lub dub
116
lub sound comes form wht
closing of AV valves
117
dub sound comes from wht
aortic and pulmonary valves closing
118
aortic valve sounds heard where
2nd intercostal space near sternum
119
pulmonary valve sounds heard where
2nd intercostal space on opposite side of sternum as aortic valve sound
120
mitral valve sounds heard in what
over heart apex (5th intecostal spcace) in line with middle of clavicle
121
tricuspid valve sounds heard where
4th intercostal space near sternum
122
systole occurs when related to sound
in between lub and dub
123
diastole occurs when drelated to sound
after dub
124
what are pectinate muscles, wehre are they located ,what are their function
ridges along wall of atria especially, func is to increase contract force while still aloowing stretch
125
trabeculae carneae function
prevent suction that would occur on a flat surface, help cordeae tendon contract and keep valves closed and help them open
126
what are fossa ovalis
scarred area where there used to be passageway as an infant
127
what is stenosis
cusps are stiff and do not fully open
128
upstream effects of stenosis and results
chamber must increase its contraction force, hypertrophy, weakening
129
downstream effects of stenosis
vessel experiences turbulant flow, reduced output to body
130
stenosis results in whistling when
before it would typically make its heart sound
131
stenosis can be caused by what
shape, calcium deposits, scarring rom rheumatic fever
132
mitral valve stenosis results in
narrowin of mitral valve, left atrial hypertrophy
133
how can stenosis be fixed
with a catheder threaded through vessel into heart
134
what is insufficient valve
valve doesnt properly close, allows backflow
135
upstream effects of insufficient
backflow inc volume and pressure, can lead to congestion and enlargement
136
downstream effects of insufficient
reduced output
137
when does insufficient make noiuse and what noise is it
swishy sound after it would make its typical heart sound
138
what can cause insufficient
shape, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, enlarged ventricles
139
what is endocarditis
infrection of lining inside heart
140
repair for insufficient
probe synches the valve down
141
for murmors, how can seriousness be determined
how loud the sound it
142
lub-murmur dub what kind
systolic
143
systolic mummur makes what sound
lub murmur dub
144
systolic murmur indicates problem with what
stenotic semilunar valve (aortic/pulmonary), insufficient AV valve
145
sound of disatolic murmur
murmur lub dub
146
murmur lub dub is what kind of murmur
diastolic
147
disatolic murmur indictes problem with whta
steonic AV valve, insufficient semilunar valve (aortic/pulmonary)
148
whistle sound indicates what kind of valve defect
stenotic
149
swish sound indicates what kind of valve defect
insufficient
150
what is cardiac muscle called
myocardium
151
lots of cells in a row in myocardium is good for what
electrical conduction
152
allow small molecules to go from one cell to another
gap junciton
153
spot rivits in joints between cells, keep them anchored
desmosomes
154
sarcomeres with sarcoplasmic reticulum with AP cause what
Ca2+release
155
cardiac muscle has what kind of strucutre
branching, not linear like skeletal
156
cardiac muscle joined by what
intercalated discs, sarcolemma interlocks
157
what muscle type would cardiac cell be
slow oxidative, lots of mitochondria
158
contractile cardiac muscle innervated or not
innervated
159
how do contractile cardiac muscle cells get APs
neighbors via gap junctions
160
what creates the ap in the heart
SA node
161
when theres an AP, there is what
a contraction
162
motor units or no in cardiac cells
no motor units, dont have to recuit bc every cell passes AP
163
what is special about autorhythemic cardiac muscle cells
non contractile, they are innervated
164
pacemaker muscle cells set freq of what
freq of APs that contractile cells recieve
165
impulses from pacemaker are what
intrinsic
166
what influcens intrinsic rhytem of pacemakers
autonomic NS
167
does ANS CAUSE rhytem to occur
no
168
autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells also called what
pacemaker
169
PM cells connected framework allow what
left and right can contract at the same time, organize and quickly send APs
170
very beginning of heart in dev is what structure
Sinoatrial node
171
driver of conduction in heart
sinoatrial node
172
SA node passes to what
AV node
173
AV node passes signal to what
His bundle
174
His bundle passes to what
purkinje fibers
175
at junction between atria and ventricle
atrioventriclar node
176
bundle branches, goes to all contractile cells
purkinje fibers
177
which part of the conduction system has the highest pace
SA node
178
AV nodal delay is what
pause that allows blood jusut squeezed out of atria to get down into ventricles
179
generates impulses
sinoatrial node
180
impulses from SA node do what and where
pause at the AV node
181
the AV buncle connects what to what
atria to ventricles
182
His bundle branches conduct the impulses through what
inteventricular septum
183
purkinje fibers do what
stimulate contractile cells of both ventricles
184
where is moderator band found
right ventricle
185
what does moderator band do
conducts from right bundle branch in septum to a papillary muscle
186
what can the moderator band be described as
pathway
187
ANS can influcne what in the heart
sinus rhythm, AV node delay, contractile strength determined by Ca2+ relase
188
increased Ca2+ release encourages what
harder contraction
189
AV node delayed is shorter in what state
fight or flight
190
what are arrythmias
type of heart disease, problem with rhythm and conduction
191
sinus sick syndrome includes what
sinus bradycardia or tachycardia
192
what is fibrulation
conduction is disorganized, makes loops
193
what do ventricles or atria do in fibrilation
they quiver
194
fibrilation effect on downstream cells
they dont get full AP, weird traveling of conduciton of heart
195
loop from fibrilation results in...
decreaesd cardiac output, tiny unorganized contraction
196
avib is what
problem with atria, doesnt usualy affect ventricles
197
v fib is what
much more serious, can die easily
198
what is AV (heart) block
transmisioin from AV node to ventricles is partially or completely blocked
199
conduction pathway in AV block damaged due to
fibrosis, scleosis
200
what beats out of place in AV block
SA node and purkinje fibers
201
blockage of conduction/signals for contraction blocked
AV heart block
202
what isnt getting electrical signal in AV block
ventricles
203
what is left or right bundle branch block
signaling to one of the ventricles is delayed
204
left bbb usually due to what
heart disease
205
implantable cardioverter defibrilator does hwt
detects condction problems, shocks heart if necessaru
206
right and left coronary arteries branch off of what and run along what
aorta, run along coronary sulcus
207
each R and L coronary artery has what
descending branch that runs along interventricular sulcus
208
what is angina
chest pain due to low nutrients supply to cardiac muscle
209
what is ischemia
not enough blood flow to an area
210
what is coronary artery diease
coronary arteries are narrow or are blocked, often due to plaques or blood clot
211
what is angina pectoris
feeling of pressure at the heart due to intemittent coronary blood flow
212
what is atherosclerosis
plaque buildup
213
what are thrombosis and embolism
blood clot
214
if enough pressure is built up in the heart, what can happen
plaque, blood clot could be blown out
215
what is myocardial infarction
dead heart cells that didnt get enough blood
216
what is CVD
cardiovascular disease, can be a range of condition
217
what is heart failure
heart isnt pumping enough to serve the bodu
218
what is systolic heart failure and often due to what
ventricles are weak and not ejecting enough, often dur to CAD, MR or hypertension
219
what is diastolic heart failure,
ventricles too thick and stiff so less space for blood, reducing blood volume ejected
220
which ventricle is more likely to fail
left
221
in left sided failure, what happens
blood backs up in pulmonary circuit, heart can tpump blood out of heart to blood so it back sup into lungs
222
right sided failure often follows what
left sided failure
223
what happens in right sided failure
blood backs up in systemic circuit, right side can t pump enough blood to the lungs so blood backs up in the body
224
what is congestive heart failure
cardiac output for LV is so low that blood backs up in pulmonar circuit
225
what can congestive HF cause
dyspenea and pulmonary edema
226
what is dypsnea
breathing heavy
227
what is pulmonary edema
fluid buildup in the lungs
228
accumulation of fluid in the alveloi
congestive HF
229
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
LV thickens and muscle cells are disorganized
230
what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause
valve obstruction, arrythmias
231
leading cause of heart related deaths in those unde 30
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
232
what fuse in heart development
two endocardial tubes in splanchic lateral plate
233
what is result of two endocardial tubes fusing
a single heart tube in pericardial cavity
