Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
radiation that pass through the body and get detected digitally or with film
A
x ray
2
Q
used to diagnose broken teeth or bone
A
x ray
3
Q
why can X-ray detect foreign objects in lungs
A
low density of air
4
Q
can detect dense areas in the breast
A
x ray
5
Q
CT stands for..
A
computed tomography
6
Q
still uses X-ray but 3d image is produced
A
CT
7
Q
contrast dyes often injected or swallowed to enhance visability
A
CT
8
Q
often used to diagnose abdominal, vertebral column and brain injuries, some cancers
A
CT
9
Q
uses powerful magnet and radio waves to create images based on diff magnetic properties of organs/tissues
A
MRI
10
Q
better images of soft tissues, no radiation
A
MRI
11
Q
what is MRI not good for
A
skeletal or lung imaging
12
Q
makes 3d images of tissue func instead of anatomy by using injection
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Positron Emission tomography
13
Q
combined with CT or MRI to better ID active tissues
A
PET
14
Q
commonly used to diagnose cancer or highlight active brain areas
A
PET
15
Q
portion of mesoderm, forms connective tissue and blood vessel
A
mesenchymal cells
16
Q
3 cells that fall into mesenchymal cells
A
fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes
17
Q
what percent of cancers are mesenchymal
A
10%
18
Q
most diverse of tissue
A
connective e
19
Q
all of connective tissue comes from what
A
mesenchymal cells
20
Q
main classes of connective tissue
A
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
21
Q
what are cells in connective tissue separated by
A
ECM that they produce
22
Q
what do connective tissues have differing amounts of
A
collagen, elastin, reticular fibers
23
Q
consist of various fibers along ground substrates,
A
ECM
24
Q
clear gel of loose polysaccharides and carb-protein molecules that attract and hold water
A
ECM
25
clear gel of ECM is made of what
loose polysaccharides and carb-protein molecules
26
strongest fiber in connective tissue
collagen
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collagen resists tension via...
bundles of cross linked small fibrils
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meshlike thin collagen fibrils
reticular fibers
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contain elastin protein that allows stretched tissue to recoil
elastic fibers
30
vitamin c needed to modify what
collagen chains
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mostly ground substance surrounding vessels
loose connective tissue
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what type of connective tissue is high in collagen and/or elastin
dense
33
high collagen occurs in what body parts
tendons, ligaments, etc
34
high elastin occurs in what body parts
artery walls, airways
35
type of cell in cartilage
only condroblasts/chondrocytes
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type of cell in bone
osteocytes, osteoblasts
37
wave like rubber band structure
dense elastic tissue
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most common type of cartilage
hyaline
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translucent and has ecm of thin collagen and much water, helps with compression
hyaline cartilage
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flexible but resilient to being stretched
elastic cartilage
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dense collagen, less ground substance/water to withstand extreme stress
fibrous cartilage
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matrix is dense with collagen fibers in arranged pattern
fibrocartilage
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fibrocartilage: perichondrium or no
no perichondrium
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resists compression, tension in different directions, intervertebral discs, tendons at bone, pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
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most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
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attract water and hydrated matrix can expand and resist compression
aggrecans
47
chronic wear and tear decrease what
proteoglycan synthesis
48
epidermis over both
ectoderm
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dermis along back
dermatome
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dermis is along front
somatic layer
51
neural crest cells will migrate between what
echo and mesoderm
52
what will neural crest cells form
melanocytes
53
what is thickness of stratified squamous epithelium
it varies
54
nonvascular stratified squamous consists of what
migrating keratinocytes connected with desmosomes
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where are keratinocytes produced
deepest layer from stem cells
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1 row of actively mitotic stem cells
stratum basale
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specialization area for keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
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1-5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating
stratum granulosum
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what layer of skin is waterproof
stratum granulosum
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20-30 layers are dead, glycolipids in extra cellular space
stratum corneum
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how many layers are dead in corneum
20-30
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dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and other WBC, vascular
dermis
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what types of cells does dermis include
fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, wbc
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2 regions of dermis
papillary and reticular
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what type of tissue is the reticular region
dense irregular
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during obesity, what can be torn
collagen
67
where is tattoo pigment located
reticular dermis
68
loose areolar connective tissue under the dermis
subcutaneous layer
69
connect dermis to facia and muscle
subcutaneous layer
70
what types of cells are located in subcutaneous layer
fibroblasts nd adipocytes
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which layer is considered not a part of the skin
hypodermis
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where is subcutaneous layer located
hypodermis
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nails and hair are related to which layer
epidermis
74
areas of high mitosis in epidermis
nail matrix, hair matric
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nail and hair matrix produce what
kerotinocytes
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in hair shaft, what deals with nutrient exchange
dermal papilla
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melanocytes come from..
neural crest cells
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melanocytes have what type of structure
lots of arm like extensions
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melanin shields what from what
keratinocytes from UV rays
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melanin is digested by..
lysosomes, light skin
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melanin is not digested by ...
ppl with dark skin
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UV rays cause more what
melanin
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brown and black forms of color ..
eumelanin
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blonde to red forms of color
pheomelanin
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amount of pheo vs eumelanin depends on..
what pathway is utilized by melanocytes
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determines what PW is utilized by melanocytes
MICR gene
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what causes melanocytes clumping
2 alleles
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what is melanocytes clumping cause
freckles
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what happens to melanocytes with age
less active
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cancer of melanocytes
melanoma
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why are cancer infected melanocytes likely to go to blood stream
they are from Nuerual crest cells
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what is it known as when melanocytes travel to blood
metastasis
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where do exocrine glands release to
into a duct or surface
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total destruction of secretory cells, what kind of exocrine gland
holocrine
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which type of exocrine gland deals with larger molecules
holocrine
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secretion is budded off in a vesicle, what kind of exocrine gland
apocrine
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secretion leaves via exocytosis, what kind of exocrine gland
eccrine
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produce oily sebum that is placed at root of hairs
sebaceous gland
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what do sebaceous glands contribute to
maintaining skin, hair moisture, ear wax
100
sebaceous glands can be blocked by what
its own sebum
101
sebum is stimulated by...
androgens
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coiled gland located in dermis that releases sweat along a duct to the skin surface for evaporative cooling
sweat gland
103
what makes up sweat
99% water, some NaCl and wastes
104
basic or acidic: sweat
acidic
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what shape is a sweat gland
coiled
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which layer are sweat glands located
dermis
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release a fatty protein containing secretion that interacts with sebum and bacteria to be odiferous
apocrine gland
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what do apocrine secretions interact with
sebum and bacteria
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apocrine glands contain what that function in sexual signaling
pheromones
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where are apocrine glands located
hairs in armpits, pubic area
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muscle attached to base o hair
arrector pilli
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when skin heals, what does mitosis create a new layer of
stratum basale and fibroblasts
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what heals first in skin healing
dermis, then regular keratinozation
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cartilage starting and ending cells
chondroblasts -> chondrocytes
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bone starting and ending ells
osteoblasts -> osteocytes
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elastic and some hyaline cartilage are surrounded by..
perichondrium
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what types of cartilage does perichondrium surround
elastic and some hyaline
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resists expansion, can be source of new cartilage
perichondrium
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chondrocytes reside in what
lacuna
120
why are chondrocytes in lacuna
so they cannot migrate for repair but can typically make more ECM
121
why does cartilage not repair easily
low blood supply
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what was most of the bony skeleton at one point
cartilage
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initially composed of hyaline cartilage but replaced by bone
endochondrial bond
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what removes cartilage from endochondrial bone
osteoclasts
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in day 4 of development, what happens
blastocyst enters the uterus
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what is the inner cell mass known as
embryo
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contributes to placenta
trophoblast
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what happens on day 7 of development
implantation
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size of bilaminar disc at 2 weeks
2 mm in size
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day 14-16 of gastrulation what happens
epiblast cells gain mesenchymal characteristics, migrate, form firs the endoderm then mesoderm, those that didn't migrate become ectoderm
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ecto and endoderm have what kinds of properties
epithelial like properties
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mesoderm has what kind of properties
mesenchymal
133
where does notochord form
along the body midline
134
notochord signals ectoderm to..
thicken
135
ectoderm cells signaled by notochord become what
neural plate
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what week does neurulation occur
3rd week
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what does neural plate ectoderm do in neuralation
sink in along midline, form folds that pinch together forming a tube just below remaining ectoderm
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tube formed during neuralation called what and becomes what
dorsal hollow nerve cord, CNS
139
when do neural tube defects occur
when neural folds don't close completely
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examples of neural tube defects
spina bifida, anencephaly
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what helps prevent neural tube defects
folic acid
142
during neruulation, mesoderm forms what
3 parts on both side lateral to notochord
143
induce formation of sensory neurons, various skin structures, some skull bones
neural crest cells
144
hand is what to the shoulder
distal
145
shoulder is what to the wrist
proximal
146
top of hand known as
dorsal
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palm side of hang known as
palmar
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bottom of foot
plantar
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if things are on opposite sides they are..
contralateral
150
if things are on the same side when comparing two structures they are
ipsilateral
151
head known as what area
cephalic
152
chest area cavity
thoracic
153
area just below abdominal
pelvic
154
manus means what
hand
155
pedal means what
foot
156
what does dorsal
back
157
what are body cavities lined with
serous membrane
158
what are the abdominal and pelvic areas known as
peritoneal
159
cavity located around the pericardial
pleural
160
cavity located between pleural and peritoneal
pericardial
161
implantation has happened by when
end of the first week
162
gastrulation is complete by...
end of week 3
163
folding to tube shape happens wen
week 4
164
tadpole shape of embryo is achieved when
end of week 5
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lines cavities and organs
epithelial tissu e
166
forms epidermis
epithelial tissue
167
lines the inside of blood vessels
epithelial
168
forms exocrine glands
epithelial
169
forms dermis
connective tissue
170
forms perchondrium
connective
171
forms blood vessel wals
connective
172
makes adipocytes
connective tissue
173
which has a higher regeneration and turnover rate, epithelial or connective
epithelial
174
best type of epithelium for diffusion
simple squamous
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worst type of epithelium for diffusion
keratinized stratified squamous
176
apical portion of epithelium means what
top surface
177
features of epithelial apical
cilia and microvilli
178
what types of junctions are included in lateral portion of epithelium
tight junction, adhesive belt junction, desmosomes
179
border between connective tissue and epithelium
basal lamnia
180
reticular fibers with the basal lamnia form what
basement membrane
181
what does a goblet cell do
produce mucous that surfaces and protects organs
182
produce and maintain ECM
fibroblasts
183
chondroblasts produce what kind of collagen
type 2
184
example of dense regular tissue
tendons or something like that
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example of dense irregular tissue
dermis
186
what is emt
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
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what happens during emt
loss of cell polarity, increased motility,
188
some functions of emt
developmental, wound healing, cancer metastatis
189
Why are cancer cells that have mesenchymal characteristics more likely to lead to a poor
prognosis?
enhanced envasivness (can break out of primary tumor), resistant to apoptosis, less reponsive to therapies
190
epidermis derived from...
ectoderm
191
dermis derived from..
mesoderm
192
What do our friends the neural crest cells become in the skin?
they produce melanocytes
193
what is keratin
found in hair, skin and nails, protects them
194
What causes different hair textures (straight vs. curly)?
hair follicle shape, hair shaft shape,
195
what replaces notochord
spine
196
remnants of notochord in adults
tailbone, core of discs,
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what types of anatomy arise from ectoderm
nervous system, epidermis,
198
what arises from mesoderm 3 regions
somites,splanchnic mesoderm, and somatic mesoderm.
199
what arises from somites q
skeletal muscles, bones, dermis
200
what arises from somatic mesoderm
serous membranes, bones and tissue of limbs
201
what arises from splanchnic mesoderm
cardiovascular system, smooth muscle, organs of digestive and respiratory system
202
How do neural crest cells arise during development?
Neural crest cells arise at the neural tube boundary during neurulation
203
How are NC cells similar to mesodermal mesenchymal cells?
they have the ability to migrate and differentiate into a wide variety of cell types
204
Know relationship bw neurulation and neural tube defects
defects occur when there is an issue with nerulation
205
includes inorganic materials
bone
206
how does bone get nutrients
blood vessels
207
minerals in bone diffuse to what
osterocytes
208
in bone formation, outermost, only mitotic bone cell
osteogenic
209
produces osteoblasts
osteogenic
210
make ECM, e entually inc calcium material
osteoblasts
211
encapsulated in bony matrix, still live and maintain it
osteocytes
212
modified WBC that reabsorb bone
osteoclasts
213
2 types of bone
spongy and compact
214
gap inside of bone
medullary cavity
215
different layers of bone in bone articteture feature what
different collagen arrangement
216
outside of bone known as
periosteum
217
brown layer on spongy bone
endosteum
218
where is marrow found
spongy bone and large cavities
219
where you get new bone cells
red marrow
220
has fat storage, less RBC and WBC
yellow marrow
221
bones that had been hyaline cartilage
endochondrial bone
222
bone that has grown from mesenchymal cells to a complete bone
intramembranous bone
223
hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone in endochondrial bone formation for how long
til 18-21 years old
224
end of bone is called what
epiphysis
225
area of growth
epipheasial plate
226
middle piece of long bone
diaphysis
227
injury to growth plate from repetitive force
physeal fractures
228
Wolffs law
density and shape of bone are molded in response to forces placed on it
229
bones are typically loaded...
off center
230
forces on bones are strongest where
on surface
231
osteoclasts secrete what
acid
232
osteoblasts localize to where
pits
233
how do osteoblasts localize where to go
piezoelectrical force
234
bone loss Is known as what
osteoporosis
235
Smooth and glassy appearance due to fine collagen fibers
hyaline cartilage
236
where to find elastic cartilage
external ear
237
where to find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, insertion pts of tendons and ligaments
238
How is hyaline cartilage different from fibrocartilage?
hyaline has type 2 collagen, fibrocartilage type 1, hyaline found in areas requiring smooth surfaces and flexibility, fibro in areas requiring strength
239
which type of cartilage contain aggrecans
hyaline cartilage, some elastic
240
where would you find aggrecans in hyaline cartilage
located in ECM
241
how do aggrecans help with compression
allow for water to be attracted, therefore taking some of the force
242
what are lacunae
small hollow spaces within ecm of cartilage, house chondrocytes
243
what is found in perichondrium
fibroblasts on outer layer, chondroblasts on inside layer
244
where do chondroblasts arise
either from mesenchymal cells or from the perichondrium
245
How does cartilage grow
either interstitial growth or appositional growth
246
appositional growth is what
new chondroblasts arise near perichondrium (adds width)
247
interstitial growth
mature chondrocytes proliferate within cartilage (adds length)
248
