Exam 2

Question 1

kinship altruism

Answer 1

self-sacrifice for relatives to help pass on shared genes

Question 2

Marmosets alarm their relatives of predators; what is this an example of?

Answer 2

kinship altruism

Question 3

What challenges the early evolutionary theory of selfishness for personal success?

Answer 3

altriusm because its self-sacrifice for others

Question 4

What undermines group selection?

Answer 4

cheating behaviors because some may benefit without contributing

Question 5

What is needed to maintain group selection?

Answer 5

the overall benefit to the group, including the individual, must outweigh the cost

Question 6

group selection

Answer 6

an evolutionary theory that suggests natural selection operates at the level of the group rather than the individual.

Question 7

reciprocal altriusm

Answer 7

where individuals help others with the expectation of help in return.

Question 8

What is free riding?

Answer 8

benefiting from others actions without reciprocating

Question 9

Where does genetic variation in populations come from?

Answer 9

genetic recombination and sexual reproduction

Question 10

What is fission? and whats the problem with it?

Answer 10

nonsexual reproduction that involves splitting into 2 individuals. It’s an earlier form of reproduction but lacks the genetic variety of sexual reproduction

Question 11

What is a correction for mutation?

Answer 11

sexual recombination serves as a correction mechanism

Question 12

advantages to sexual reproduction

Answer 12

 Increased genetic variation in populations.

 Corrects accumulated mutations over generations.

 Enhances survival through diverse gene pools, especially in
the face of disease and parasitic threats.

Question 13

what are the disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

Answer 13

 Sexual reproduction requires finding a mate, which involves
energy and resources.

 Can be limited by environmental or social factors affecting
reproduction.

Question 14

Scrub jays are a good example of what?

Answer 14

kin altriusm

Question 15

what percentage of genes are unique among humans?

Answer 15

0.5%

Question 16

why do cheetahs have low genetic variation?

Answer 16

historical bottlenecks where populations were very small

Question 17

bottlenecks

Answer 17

Occur when a species population decreases significantly, leading to reduced genetic diversity.

Question 18

Chimps using logs or stones to break open nuts but never both is an example of what?

Answer 18

cultural transmission

Question 19

Who is mitochondrial DNA primarily inherited from?

Answer 19

the mother, occasionally you will find paternal mitochondrial DNA in a fertilized egg; it happens very infrequently

Question 20

Does mitochondrial DNA show more or less variability across generations?

Answer 20

less variability

Question 21

Who is the woman whom every human is a common ancestor of?

Answer 21

Eve from Africa she is NOT a direct ancestor to all humans

Question 22

Does mitochondrial DNA work harder in females or males?

Answer 22

females, which is why they tend to live longer than males

Question 23

Guppies in higher altitudes have how many predators and what size are they?

Answer 23

fewer predators and smaller guppies

Question 24

Guppies in lower altitudes have how many predators and what size are they?

Answer 24

more predators and larger guppies

Question 25

Guppies in predator-rich environments produce more or less offspring?

Answer 25

more offspring that are smaller and mature quicker

Question 26

People who grow up in a difficult environment mature...

Answer 26

quicker, similarly to the guppies who grow up surrounded by predators

Question 27

what do afferent neurons do?

Answer 27

signals picked up by sensory receptors send signals to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Question 28

what do endocrine glands do?

Answer 28

glands regulate human behavior through hormone secretion.

Question 29

what does the HPA axis do?

Answer 29

plays a critical role in body functions and behavior regulation.

Question 30

short-term sensitization

Answer 30

Hormones can temporarily alter sensitivity in the nervous system, influencing behaviors like aggression or defense mechanisms.

Question 31

Do hormones need external stimuli to trigger behaviors?

Answer 31

no they can do it through releasing, which is the initiation of behavior wihtout external stimuli

Question 32

What happens when guppies are moved from higher to lower reigons?

Answer 32

They ended up keeping their upper mountain attributes in a single generation; after 5–10 generations, the upper region guppies became more similar to the lower region guppies. Nature and nurture played a role.

Question 33

sensory receptors

Answer 33

pick up stimulation from an external stimulus

Question 34

how to endocrine glands transport

Answer 34

Endocrine glands are ductless glands so they use the vascular system for transport

Question 35

agonist

Answer 35

stimulate the gland or receptor, doesn’t increase the amount of hormone

Question 36

antagonist

Answer 36

increase or decrease the amount of hormone

Question 37

priming

Answer 37

short term sensitization of the nervous system (help the animal get ready for an impending stimulus) minutes or hours

Question 38

how do neurons communicate?

Answer 38

via neurotransmitters (10-100 miliseconds)

Question 39

primiparous

Answer 39

producing its first offspring

Question 40

multiparous

Answer 40

already had offspring

Question 41

what happens to male testosterone levels after they mate?

Answer 41

they decrease, making them more likely to help raise the young

Question 42

which is faster electrochemical signals or hormonal signals

Answer 42

Neurons transmit electrochemical signals, which are faster (milliseconds) compared to hormonal signals, which take longer (seconds to minutes). electrochemical also occurs over longer distances compared to neurotransmitter transmission

Question 43

what is crop milk?

Answer 43

Ring doves feed it to their young. viscous fluid produced in the esophagus and regurgitated to feed the young.

Question 44

What happens to ring dove courtship and reproduction when there is a disruption in sequence?

Answer 44

Disruption in the sequence (e.g., removing nesting material) stops courtship and reproduction but can resume if stimuli are restored quickly.

Question 45

males with higher testosterone levels are more likely to

Answer 45

Stay with the first female, and they are less likely to seek other females, and they exhibit more involvement in raising young ex: ring tailed lemurs

Question 46

Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 46

primarily produced in the testicles but is also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands.

Question 47

In both genders, what is testosterone linked to?

Answer 47

aggression, risk-taking, and caregiving.

Question 48

describe the observers of competitive athletic events and their testosterone levels

Answer 48

Testosterone levels increase in males during competitive athletic Events and observers, especially in competitive environments, also experience elevated testosterone levels.

Question 49

hypothalamus

Answer 49

at the bottom of the brain (it is a combination of neural and endocrine systems)

Question 50

pituitary gland

Answer 50

below the hypothalamus important regulatory role (aka: master gland), hormones travel through the blood to the adrenal gland

Question 51

adrenal gland

Answer 51

plays an important role in what we do and how our body functions