Exam 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What group of pathogens are the #1 cause of the common cold
A
Rhinovirus
2
Q
Herpes occur in the….
A
mucocutaneous junction
3
Q
Dermatome
A
is the skin innervated by a particular nerve
4
Q
HHV4 is also called
A
Espstein-Bar virus
5
Q
HHV4 causes
A
Burkitt’s lymphoma in immunocompromised and infectious mononucleosis
6
Q
What is the function of reverse transcriptase
A
(a)RNA-directed DNA Polymerase aka will read ssRNA and make a copy of DNA
(b) RNAase, which will destory own RNA
(c) DNA Polymerase
7
Q
What is the function of Integrase
A
Can integrate HIV genome into human/host genome
8
Q
What is the function of protease
A
cuts the concatamer peptide
9
Q
Virus defintion
A
are obligate intracellular parasite
10
Q
Growth in virus is defined as
A
growth in population
11
Q
Virion
A
individual viral particle
12
Q
Nucleocaspid
A
contain the genome and capsid portion of the envelope virus
13
Q
naked virus components
A
genome and protein capsid
14
Q
Envelope virus components
A
genome and protein capsid and envelope( has the glycoprotein)
15
Q
Envelope Virus characteristic
A
less infectious b/c required a specific host and envelope itself is unstable outside the host
16
Q
What do naked viruses use to bind/enter the host
A
capsomere
17
Q
What do envelope viruses use to bind/enter the host
A
glycoproteins
18
Q
range is determined by
A
host’s proteins
19
Q
lytic and lysogeny cycle take place in only
A
bacteriophage!
20
Q
Mechanism of entry
A
1.) Direct penetration - complex bacteria
2.) membrane fusion - envelope virus only
3.) Endocytosis- naked and envelope
21
Q
Direct penetration
A
Virius enjects gemone into host , method is specific to naked virion
22
Q
Mechanism of exit
A
1.) Lysis-
2.) Budding-
3.) exocytosis-
23
Q
Budding
A
when new viral participles are made within the cell, glycoproteins are made on the cell membrane.
24
Q
what is the difference between membrane fusion and endocytosis
A
Membrane fusion refers only to envelope viruses, while endocytosis refers to both envelope and naked viruses. The cell engulfs the virus
25
exocytosis
The virion is housed within a membrane in the cytoplasm of the host cell & then fuses with the host membrane
26
what year was the influenza flu
1918
27
characteristics of influenza
- has ssRNA and is segmented into 8 pieces
-can effect many aka board host
-stable envelope virus! meaning it can live outside of the host aka fomite(lives on surfaces)
28
What are the name glycoproteins on influenza
Hemagglutinin (HA): gets virion into the host cell
Neurominidase (NA): gets virion out of host cell
29
For humans HA1-HA4 attack...
alpha 2,6 glycosides linkages
30
For birds HA5-HA16 attack...
alpha 2,3 glycosides linkages
31
For piggies what strains infect pigs
All H1-H16 :(
32
Specifically, what two sugars do the strains attack?
salic acids and galactose. Strains binds to the bond!
33
Antigenic Drift
Slow and gradual change in HA and NA b/c of mutation over time. There is some degree of immunity b/c new flu variation aren't always different from pervious version of seasonal flu
34
Antigenic Shift
Sudden and drastic changes in HA and NA due to reassortment in a common cell. There is no residual immunity, which results in more severe illness ex. influenza
35
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
36
HIV came from
SIV= Simian immunodeficiency virus
37
HIV is considered a emergency disease
b/c its technically new
38
What are the glycoproteins in HIV
gp120 and gp41
38
HIV Characteristics
Envelope virus- fragile w/out host cell
RNA Genome- 2 segmented
no proofreading
glycoproteins
39
how do the HIV glycoproteins bind to host cells
gp 120 binds to CD4 receptors on T-cells, which then CXCR4 proteins also come to bind. The head of gp120 is torn off, exposing gp41. gp41 onsets into the host membrane fusing into the cell. The nucleocapsids empties into the cell cytoplasm, where it will uncoat
40
what are the 3 enzymes in HIV
protease, transcriptase, integrase
41
what is the difference b/n sign and symptons
signs are observable by others and symptoms are subjective to the patient
42
SARS-COV-2 Virus Characteristics
- envelope- doesn't follow stereotype aka needs host
-RNA genome
-has proofreading abilities!
42
what are the 3 criteria to diagnose aids
- HIV positive
-T4 cells under 200
-combinations of diagnostic opportunistic infection
**keep in mind that pathogens will also behave differently***
43
Common cold don't have a intermediate host
TRUE
44
What is the intermediate host for SARS-COVID?
Civet
45
What is the intermediate host for MERS
camel
46
What is the intermediate host for Covid-19
pangolins
47
what does proofreading ability in a virus tell us?
If there is proofreading ability then there is low probability of mutation, therefore less variants!
48
What are the glycoproteins for COVID
S glycoproteins trimer
49
What proteins do S glycoprotein trimer(spike proteins bind to)?
ACE 2
50
What is the first virus to cause cancer?
HERPES, specifically HHV4 aka Epstein-Barr
51
HHVI causes
cold sores
52
HHV2 causes
lies dormant in cells bodies
53
HHV3
Varicella Zoster Virus
54
Another name for Varicella Zoster Virus
Chicken pox
55
If you had chicken pox as a child there is 20% it will appear in adulthood it is known as
Herpes Zoster aka shingles
56
Measles cause
encephalitis which is swelling in the brain. This eventually leads to death
56
Rash causing infections
HHV3(chicken pox)
Mumps
Measles
Rubella
57
Measles
caused by MeV virus
has a Ro=18
highly contagious
1 in 3 out of 1000 die from measles
58
Measles is dignosed
by Rubeola--Koplics spots
59
Rubella diagnosed by
flat spots
59
mumps
caused by MuV
spreads through the air
60
mumps causes
meningitis
deafness and/or blindness
inflammation in the testis
61
Mumps is diagnosed by
parotitics- inflammation of salivary glands
62
Rubela
caused by RuV
acts like a teratogen- causes birth defects like CRS
62
Rubella is also known as
"german measles"
63
Papillimovirus also known as
warts
63
NON rash causing infections
Papillimovirus
Polio
Variola Major
64
Variola Major also known as
small pox
64
how many Papillimovirus infect humans
100!!!
65
how many Papillimovirus cause genital warts
4!
66
what was the first disease to be eradicated
Variola Major
67
How many coronavirus can effect humans?
7 ( will be on exam)
68
Criteria for eradicating pathogens
1.) Humans must be the only host
2.) no asymptomatic symptoms
3.) Symptoms have to appear before contagion
4.) Vaccines needs to be cheap and good
69
Why must Humans be the only host?
Less host means less mutations= less variants, therefore easier to control
70
why must there be "no asymptomatic symptoms"
showing no symptoms can still transmit the pathogen, making detecting and controlling the disease harder
71
Poliomyelitis aka polio caused by
poliovirus
71
effects of polio
loss of muscle control
72
is polio eradicated?
in 2010 it was believed to been eradicated, however, it is still prevalent in other countries
73
74
Paillomarivirus can causes what type of cancers
cervical cancer for women
rectal and oral cancers for men
which is why its important for teens to get HPV vaccines
74
what are the inputs for glycolysis?
1 glucose molecule (C-C bonds)
2 ATP
2NAD
75
what are the outputs for glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
2NADH
4ATP(2 ATP net)
76
what are the inputs for the prepping of pyruvate
2 pyruvate (2 C-C bonds)
77
what are the outputs for the prepping of pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
2 Co2
2NADH
78
what are the outputs for the KREB
6 NADH
2ATP
2FADH
79
what are the inputs for the KREB
2 Acetyl CoA (2 C-C bonds)
80
Why do Prokaryotic make 38ATP and Eukaryotic make 36ATP
In prokaryotic there are no membrane bounds organelles, meaning less energy is used to enter. Eukayrotics on the other hand HAVE membrane-bound organelles and it takes time and energy to enter organelles
81
Under Idea conditions, the complete anaerobic fermentation of one glucose will yield the net gain of..
2 ATP molecules
82
83
Extremophiles
bacteria that thrive at or requires various extreme conditions
84
examples of extremophiles
Thermophile, hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles
85
Psychrophiles
thrive on low temperature i.e 5C
86
Thermophiles
thrive at 80C
87
Hyperthermophilies
thrive at 110C
88
Acidophiles
need low Ph(acidic)
88
Alkaliphiles
need very high ph (basic)
89
Halophiles
require high salt concentration
90
Barophiles
require high pressure
91
Fastideous
bacteria that require, usually multiple, specific nutrients in order to grow
92
Permissive
Bacteria are versatile about the nutrients they need to grow, since they can synthesise many of their own
93
Auxotroph
Bacteria cannot synthesize one particular nutrient. Usually a human-made mutant strain
94
Wild-type
non-mutant strains of bacteria. Occurs in nature
95
Differential Media
Culture media allows us to distinguish among microorganisms based on their metabolic traits. Many species grow one the plate, but will look different
96
Selective media
culture media provides some advantage to certain species but not others. This leads to some species growing and other no
97
Complex Media
Culture media is made from whole biological sources, like blood or animal organs. The exact chemical composition of the ingredients is unknown and potentially variable
98
