Exam 4 Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
plasmid
A
small circular extrachromosomal DNA molecule
2
Q
Origin of Replication
A
sequence where DNA polymerase binds and replicates.
3
Q
A strong origin means
A
many copies
4
Q
A weak origin means
A
fews copies
5
Q
Normal Replication
A
Theta-type
6
Q
Theta-theta has how many replication forks
A
2
7
Q
Rolling circle Replication
A
There must be a “nick”, a broken phosphoester bond, for this to work.
There is one replication fork, and in the end, you are left with a linear copy and one circular copy.
8
Q
Recombination
A
The exchange of genes b/n two DNA molecules, making a new combination of genes
9
Q
Vertical gene
A
when genes are transferred down generation through sexual or asexual reproduction
10
Q
horizontal genes
A
The movement of genes b/n organisms that are not in a parent-offspring relationship.
11
Q
What is one downside of Horizontal gene transfer
A
increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria
12
Q
Where does recombination take place
A
at regions sequence identity
13
Q
Is recombination common in nature
A
yes! In almost all cells. Bacteria, humans, plants, etc
14
Q
Horizontal gene transfer examples are
A
Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
15
Q
Conjugation is…
A
movements of a plasmid through a sex pilus, and its NOT! sexual reproduction
16
Q
What is the F- mean
A
Its the recipient cell and its considered F- B/c doesn’t have the F factor
17
Q
What is the F factor?
A
if the bacteria has a plasmid
18
Q
What is the F+ mean
A
This is the donor cell, and its considered F+ b/c it has the F factor aka the plasmid
19
Q
Why is it important for there to be plasmid to be considered the F Factor?
A
The plasmid has the gene for recombination
20
Q
How does an HFr cell come to be?
A
In a F+ cells, ONLY and when the F factor and the chromosomal meet at a specific site, aka there is a sequence of identity, they bind together to make an integrated F factor, making a HFr cells
21
Q
What type of replication does conjugation use?
A
Rolling circle replication
22
Q
HFr use____ to donate, and F+ use _____ to donate
A
chromosomal genes, plasmids
23
Q
When recombination b/n F- and HFr takes place what happens?
A
Either when the HFR tranfers its chromosome, nothing happens b/c there is a sequence of identity, if there IS a sequence of Identity then F- gains new traits but still remain F- since no plasmid is added
24
Q
Transformation- Horizontal gene transfer
A
Uptake of free DNA from the environment
25
How does transformation happen?
The recipient takes in the donor's free-floating DNA
Donor cells align with complementary bases
Recombination occurs b/c the recipient and donor DNA, making a genetically transformed cell!
26
Transduction
Transfer of bacterial genes from cell to cell via a phage
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What cycle does transduction use
lysis cycle
28
How does Transduction work?
Phage infects donor bacteria,
Phage kills bacterial DNA, and synthesis of proteins and DNA is made.
In an Assembly stage piece of Bacterial DNA is packaged in a phage
Phage will break out from the cell, lysing it in the process.
Phage will carry bacterial DNA to a new host and infect it
At the sequence I.D, recombination can occur, making recombinant cell.
29
Fungi characteristic
Unicellular and Multicellular
They reproduce via spores
A multicellular body is made from a network of Hyphae called mycelium
Fungal spores are the most common infectious strx. in fungal disease
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coenocytic
lack crosswalls b/n cells
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septate:
has crosswalls
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4 pathogenic Fungi
Blastomyces, coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides
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Why do most Fungi have worldwide distribution
b.c. of their spores are very durable in mostly any environment
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What are the exceptions to fungi having a worldwide distribution?
The 4 pathogenic fungi, they are specific to certain regions
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Fungi love oxygen; therefore found most on..
skin and lungs
36
How does fungal disease spread
spores
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what are the effects of fungal disease?
respiratory problems, disseminating to the periphery, can grow on bones, organ failure, asymptomatic
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What is "pro" about fungal in terms of contamination?
Doesn't spread from person to people, so easily.
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Factors that predispose people to opportunistic
medical procedures, medical therapies, Pre-existing conditions, lifestyle factors
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Why is it hard to develop medicine for fungal disease?
Seeing as Fungi are also Eukaryotic like us Humans, that's where it gets tricky. Bad effects on eukaryotic can have a negative consequence on humans as well.
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What does Candida albicans cause
Candidiasis aka yeast infections
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where can you get Candias Albcans infections?
In the mouth- thrush
vaginal infection- monilia
diaper rash
G.I. tract
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Candida Aris
It is seen as an emerging and drug-resistant threat! It's becoming more common, which is not good b/c no medicine against it.
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Tinea Dermatophytes=Dermatomycosis
Fungal infection of skin
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how many Types of Conditions: Common Dermatophytes are there
5
46
Tinea Cruris
fungal infection of groin
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Tinea Unguium
fungal infection nails and toenails
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Tinea Corporis
Ringworms
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Tinea Capitis
dandrift
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Mushroom toxicity example
Amanita spp.
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what two toxins does Amanita spp have
Phalloidin and alpha amatinin both inhibit mRNA synthesis, aka transcription inhibitors
52
What are two types of flatworms
Flukes and tapeworms
53
Fluke are...
a types of flatworm and no segemented
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Other names for Flukes
Flukes=trematodes=plathyhelminthes
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Tapeworms=Cestodes are ..
a type of flatworm and are segmented
56
How many types of infections roundworms are there
3
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Other names for roundworms
netmode=nematohelminthes
58
E.Vermucularis are..
Pinworms, a type of roundworm, least severe, common in the U.S. They grow in the GI tract, the females emerge at night to lay eggs, hence the itchy feeling at night.
59
N. American
are hookworms, a type of roundworm, grow in the GI tract.
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N.American hookworms cycle
poop---> soil contains eggs--> eggs hatch and generate on skin --> travel though blood stream--> heart--> lungs--> trachea --> esophagus--> stomach--> intestine--> mature in intestine ---->
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Ascaris Lumbricodies are..
roundworms, they're Dimorphic, females have lots of eggs, hence a great abundance of them, most severe!!!
62
what is Wuchereria Brancroft and what does it causes
is a nematode and cause elephantiasis
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What does Wuchereria Bancrofti do the lymph
It reproduces in the lymph nodes blocking lymph
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how is Wuchereria Brancroft spread?
through mosquitos, specifically Anopheles and Aedes spp.
65
Aedes spp. is...
Diurnal(active in the day) and spreads Zika, Dengue(bone break fever), yellow fever
66
Anopheles spp.
Crepuscular(active dusk and dawn) and nocturnal, spreads plasmodium and wuchereria
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Fasciola hepatica is a
flatworm
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Fasciola hepatica is causes
sheep liver fever
69
Fasciola hepatica infects what part of the human body?
G.I tract
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if w hat does Fasciola hepatica eat in G.I tract
Since worms eat bile salts in the GI tract, the body is no longer able to break down food
71
Clonorchis Sinensis is a
flatworm
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how do you get Clonorchis Sinensis
eating uncooked fish
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Hermaphodite
Both male and female
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where are Clonorchis Sinensis most common?
Southeast Asia
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Tape worms are...
segmented and hermaphrodites
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What is unique about each segment in a tapeworm?
Each segment reproduces
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what is Cysticercosis?
larvae that migrate to the muscle, eye, brain, etc and can take years to develop and causing health problems
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how do you get Cysticerosis
from eating tapeworm eggs
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What is Taeniasis
When adult worms are in the GI tract, you get it from eating larvae
80
Dermacentor and Ixodes are both vector for
staph infection, which are flesh eating, other disease
81
Borrelia burgdorfer causes what type of disease
Lyme disease
82
What shape is Borrelia burgdorfer
spirochete
83
Why can't vaccines be developed for Borrelia burgdorfer?
can't be cultured
84
Why is it so hard to diagnose Lyme disease?
b/c symptoms are variable, and differ from person to person
85
What disease do plasmodia carry?
malaria
86
How many species mosquitos of malaria cause
~5
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Where are the significant life stages for malaria disease?
In liver and red blood cells
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What symptoms does malaria cause
fever, hallucination
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Why do ppl who get malaria continue getting sick after each infection of malaria
b/c the body can't build immunity towards malaria as it can evade the immune system
90
What are the effects on the central nervous system when infected with malaria?
Malaria causes encephalitis, which swells the brain stem, this is in turn stops brain signals from communicating leading to coma or/and eventually death
91
When is plasmodium active
In the night, making it nocturnal!
92
What does Giardia Lamblia cause?
causes diarrhea in humans and other mammals
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what is Giardia Lamblia
a parasitic protozoan
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Gram-positive cocci are
Staphylococcus aureus, pneumoniae, pyogenes
95
Where can you find staphlycoccus aureus?
part of the normal mircoflora on skin and phyranx
96
can stahlycoccus aureus cause?
*hint there are many*
cause necrotising fasciitis(flesh-eating), impetigo sores, scalded baby syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome.
97
Toxic shock syndrome is called
Tsst and is superantigenic
98
Streptococcus pneumoniae
causes more U.S deaths than any other vax-preventable disease
99
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes
pneumdysin- an exotoxin that kills respiratory epithelial damage
and
cause ear infections
100
Streptococcus pyogenes causes
Strep throat, which and develop into scarlet fever, and both can later develop into rheumatic fever
causes necrotising fasciitis
101
what does GAS stand
Group A strep
102
Rheumatic fever
When the body's immune system overreacts to the infection and attacks healthy tissues
103
What are the gram + rods
Corynebacterium diphtheria and Listeria monocytogenes
104
what does Corynebacterium diphtheria cause?
diptheria
105
how does Corynebacterium diphtheria cause diptheria
The bacteria have to be infected to make diphtheria, and it creates a pseudomembrane in the phyranx.
106
why is diptheria still in vax?
because it's a toxoid that is extremely antigenic and it acts like a adjvants for tetanus and pertussis
107
Listeria monocytogenes causes
listeria and birth defects
108
how does Listeria monocytogenes infect other cells ?
Listeria monocytogenes secretes ActA protein, which localizes to its membrane and recruits host cell actin. ActA triggers the polymerization of actin filaments on one side of the bacterium, propelling it through the host cell and into neighboring cells.
109
Gram (-) cocci are
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitids
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes
gonorrhea, and its drug resistance
111
Neisseria meningitidis causes
inflammation of the menages
112
Symptoms of Neisseria meningitids
common cold and flu
113
signs of Neisseria meningitids
neck pain and photophobia
114
what bacteria are gram-negative rods?
Bortella pertussis, Proteus, Pseudomonas areginosa, Salmonella enteria, Shigella dysenteriae , Yersn ia petis
115
Bortella pertussis causes
whopping cough
116
what bacteria does not follow this trend of signs and symptoms and why?
Bordetella pertussis doesn’t follow the graph; it peaks in the prodromal period, therefore doesn’t display severe symptoms
117
Proteus causes
causes nocomical gastroenteristic
118
Pseudomonas areginosa causes
secretes pyocyanin, a biofilm in lungs of cystic fibrosis, and is opportunistic
119
Salmonella enteria cause
food poisoning and tyhoid fever
120
why does Salmonella enteria enter the body?
making an ectopic pseudopod
121
Shigella dysenteriae uses this to get into a human
type 3 secretion
122
Acid-fast rods are
mycobacterium tuberculosis
123
who is Shigella dysenteriae related to and why ?
related to E.coli because both carry the Shiga toxic, however E. Coli is a lactose fermentor, while Shigella dysenteriae is a non-lactose fermentor
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis genus?
mycobacterium
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what are the cell walls of mycobacterium tuberculosis made of?
mycolic acid
126
What are the pros and cons of mycolic acid?
help with desiccation resistance, allowing them to live longer on surfaces and become highly contagious. However, TB slow to progressing because they divide slowing. Using antibiotics won't work because antibiotics work by targeting actively dividing bacteria, and TB has a slow generation time
127
How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis enter the lungs?
Macrophages engulf the bact, but do not kill. They hide in the macrophage and grow, aka incomplete phagocytosis. The marophage will release cytokines to bring more marophage in effecting other marophage.
128
What are tubercles
When Marcophages get covered in cellular material, like collagen
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When there is a tubercles, but host is healthy is called
latent T
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when Tubercles ruptures it is called
active
131
What is extrapulmonary/consumption TB?
when there are tubercles everywhere on the body
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symptoms for TB
Weak, fatigue, photophobia, and blood in sputum
133
Can you get effected by TB again?
YES!!
134
Gram (--) cholerae causes
cholera
135
Spirochetes are
borrelia burgdorferi
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borrelia burgdorferi causes
Lyme disease, an emerging disease.
137
prevalence
total number of diseased individuals in a population in a given time period
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endemic:
a disease that is constantly present in a population
138
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a give time
139
sporadic
a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population
140
epidemic
a disease that occurs in an unusually high number in a population in a given time. High number means relative to normal continents
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pandemic
across mutiple continents, widley distributed epidemic
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Mortality
the incidence of death in a population
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Zoonosis:
a disease that pccurs in non human animals, but can be transmiited to human
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incubations
a period of time between infection and onset of signs or symptoms
144
acute carriers
infectious only transiently
145
chronic carrriers
infectious for a long period of time
146
treponema pallidum is a
spirochetes
147
treponema pallidum causes
syphills,
148
the three stages of treponema pallidum
primary- chancer-site of infections, and goes away without treatmen
secondary- rash on trunk regions and its contagious, goes away w/out treatment
tertiary: gumma
149
Helicobacter pylori is a
negative gram vibrios
150
epidemiology
the study of the occurance, distribution and control of disease in populations
150
Helicobacter pylori causes
stomache ulcers
151
how does cholera work?
Bacteria release a toxin, which increase ions secretion in gut epithelia cells, get diarrhea because water follows the ions
152
What can be said about epidemics on a graph
increase in diease incidences realtive to the normally expected incidence
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prevalence in always
going up, never goes down
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incidence is always ___ than prevalence
lower!!
