exam 3 Flashcards
lines of defense, symbiosis (184 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 lines of defense
A
(1)Exterior, (2)phagocytes and inflammation, and (3)adaptive immunity
2
Q
What lines of defense are nonspecific
A
(1)exterior, (2)phagocytosis and inflammation
3
Q
What lines of defense are specific
A
adaptive immunity
4
Q
Eyes- tear ducts
A
contain lysozymes that hydrolyze peptioglycane
5
Q
Nose
A
The most common way for bacteria to enter is by removing particles via cilla in the nasopharynx
6
Q
Pharynx
A
Rich in microbes and containing microbial antagonism
7
Q
Microbial Antagonism
A
residents’ microbiota that outcompetes transeit microbiota
8
Q
Mucociliary Escalator
A
sticky mucus constantly being made and moving up the throat via cilia beating. hence the mini coughs we have
9
Q
Smoker mucociliary escalator
A
Toxins from smoke inhibit the beating of cilia and, therefore, mucus doesn’t move up the throat, causing smokers to cough. NOTE: doesn’t inhibit the making of mucus
10
Q
Lungs
A
Not axenic! Full of white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign things!!
11
Q
Stomach
A
has a high pH killing microbes,
some exceptions i.e acidophiles
12
Q
Urine
A
peeing rid bacteria
13
Q
skin
A
acts like a barrier, and shed 100 skin cells a day
14
Q
Why is red blood stem not a true cell?
A
b.c doesn’t have a true nucleus
15
Q
where do blood stems come from?
A
Bone marrow
16
Q
3 types of phagocytes?
A
Neutrophil, Eosinophils, monocytes
17
Q
Neutrophil
A
common blood cell, known as polymorphonuclear,
18
Q
Eosinophils,
A
assoicated with allergies, worm infections
19
Q
monocytes
A
referred as macrophage when in other tissue
20
Q
subtype of cytokine
A
chemokine! and attract phagocytes
21
Q
what are cytokine?
A
messenger molecules of the immune system
22
Q
4 types of cytokine
A
interferon, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine
23
Q
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes both
A
stimulate vasular permeability
24
Q
Histamines
A
promote vasodilation
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vasodilation
when blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow and bringing more heat to trunk regions, i.e., arms, legs, etc. This causes rednesss and heat and increases vascular permeability.
26
Vascular permeability
vessels are "stretched" causes swelling and blood leaking into intracellular spaces of cells, increasing pressure and pain receptors
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damage cells release
Cytokine, which then attracts phagocytes.
28
How do phagocytes work?
Phagocytes bind to the foreign thing, where phagocytes engulf it making phagosomes. In the inside of any phagocytes are lysosomes that fuse with the phagosome killing the bacteria(foreign substance). The final step is elimination, where through exocytosis dead bacteria are released.
29
Characteristics of interferon
non-specific, turns in antiviral genes hence a transcription factor.
30
How does interferon work?
When a virus enters a cell, the interferon gene is activated. The gene is transcribed and translated to produce interferon molecules, which are then released. These interferons signal neighboring cells to activate their own interferon genes, leading to the production of antiviral proteins. These proteins help block viral replication, protecting the surrounding cells from infection * think of alarm system
31
arteries
blood moves away from heart
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veins
blood towards the heart
33
payer's patches
a small cluster of lymphatic tissue in the intestine, and it is rich in microbe, and conducts surveillance of the GI tract.
34
lymphs nodes....
help mature white blood cells, filter the blood from pathogens and waste, and are located all over the body to protect from pathogens
35
lymphocytes
type of leukocyte that fight against pathogens
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lymphatic system
composed of lymphatic vessels that conduct the flow of lymph.
37
Antigen
any foreign molecule that causes an immune responds
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an antigen can have many...
epitope, ***antigen and epitope is interchangeable term**
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antibody
proteins that bind to antigens and facilitate their removal
40
3 functions of phagocytes
1.) phagocytosis
2.) cytokine release
3.) antigen presentation
41
MCH1 is found in
all nucleated cells (phagocytes included!!)
42
MCH2 displays
is for all displayed non-self epitope
43
Why does MCH1 display non-self?
displays virus to show the immune system when there is a intracellular pathogen
44
Helper Cells other names
Th cells, CD4 cells,
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Cytotoxic T-cells other name
TcCells, T8 cells, CD8 T cells, T8 lymphocytes
46
what is the specific function of CD4
is to bind to MCH2 receptors to simulate a humoral immunity and fight extracellular pathogens
47
The function of MCH1 is to..
is to display intracellular pathogens on nucleated cells and phagocyte
48
The CD4+ binds to
MCH2
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CD8 binds to
MCH1
50
Cytotoxic cells are simulated by recognizing and binding to
MCH1
51
What are the pros of plasma cells being shorted lived?
since they are short lived they are produced antibodies faster, and therefore work faster
52
What are the cons of plasma cells being shorted lived?
There are rapid clearance and i.s doesn't remember past infections aka ni immunity
53
what are the pro of long-lived memory B cells
they help build immunity aka they remember past infections!
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what are the cons of long-lived memory B cells
they divide slower and hence take a long time to start working ther first time around
55
Where are perforin and granzymes found
found in cytotoxic/TcCells
56
BCR
are antibodies. We call them BCR when they are attached, and antibodies detached
57
How many regions of Fab/variable region are there
2 regions
58
Fc region is
the constant region doesn't change. It interacts with the immune system
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Neutralization
physically blocks foreign things
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Agglutination of bacteria
clumping of bacteria
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Precipitation of dissolved antigens
clumping of antigen molecules
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activation of complement activation
antibodies attract proteins to make pores, aka form the MAC, which makes many pores leading to apoptosis/cell lysis
63
Opsonization
antibody-enhanced phagocytes. This works because phagocytes can detect Fc constant
64
Since antibodies can make every possible epitope, what is the downside of this?
It starts attacking your proteins!! not fun
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what does RAG do?
mix and matches the antibodies gene to make a variety of antibodies
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how does antibodies know what is self and non self
There are autoantigens that recognize host proteins. They bind to the B-cell. If there is a match, it rids the antibody, if it doesn't make the antibody, it is free to do its job!
67
B cells start as..what type of antibody?
IgM when are still attached
68
What is the role of lymph nodes?
help mature white blood cells
help filter the blood from pathogen and waster
located all over the body to protect from pathogens
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Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Similar functions to lymph nodes but for mucosal and monitor exterior foreign cells.
70
Most to least common antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE (Go Make A Egg)
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what antibody is found in secretions?
IgA
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What antibody can cross the placenta?
IgG
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What antibody is associated with allergies
IgE
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Which antibody dimerizes
IgA
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Which antibody has pentamers
IgM
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Which antibody provides passive immunity to babies via break milk
IgA
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Adaptive Immunity
Mount your own immune responds to pathogen and vaccines
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Adaptive Immunity examples
vaccines that trick your body to create immune response
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Passively acquired
receive pre-formed antibodies from other.
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examples of passively acquired
In babies, when they are breastfed, they receive antibodies from their mother(IgA)
or
IgG that crosses the placenta and gives babies maternal immunity.
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What is Live "Attenuated" vaccine
When the pathogen is alive, but its ability to cause disease is impaired
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What is Live "Attenuated" vaccine Pros and Cons
Pros: Don't need a booster, large immune response (more robust).
Cons: Not easy to transport, risk of reverting!, not cheap!
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What is the killed vaccine
The pathogen is killed, but it retains its full normal shape. It's important to keep shape because every epitope is intact.
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What are the killed vaccine Pros and Cons
Pros: easy to use, cheap
Cons: requires a booster as a 2nd line of defense, can clear it out, so the 3rd line of defense never kicks in:(
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What is a Subunit Vaccine
individual antigens from the pathogen is used
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What are the Subunit Vaccine Pros and Cons
Pros: can't be reverted, easy to transport
Cons: not as robust, needs a booster
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What is the Nucleic acid Vaccine
DNA or RNA encodes a pathogenic antigen is used, the patient cells produce the antigen by transcribing and translating ex. COVID vaccine
88
commensalism
An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
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parasitism
one benefit, the other is hurt
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Mutualism
both benefit
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correlations
when 2 things are present together, but that doesn't mean there is a relationship!
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Necessity
Is the symbiont necessary for development? Can the host survives without it
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Sufficiency
If, when the symbiont is removed from the host organisms, development stops, and when the symbiont is reintroduced into the host, does development continue where it left off?
94
Describe the relationship between the Hawaiian bobtail squid and V. fishceri
V. fisheri live in the squid's light organ and provide light to limit shadow production.
95
What role does Quorum Sensing play in the interaction between V. fischeri and Euprymma scolopes
V. fishceri can sense when bacterial density is dense enough to fluoresce
96
How does V.fishceri avoid the Hawaiian bobtail squid immune system
V fishceri is gram-negative, which means it can survive in the squid' mucus and V.fisheri is immune to the squids phagocytes
97
What type of virulence factors are more likely to help V. Fishceri survive in bobtail fish
Antiphagocytosis factors that prevent digestion by phagocytosis
98
We know what V. fischeri gains from its association with bobtail squid. What does bobtail squid have to gain from this association, and what type of association is this?
V. Fischer facilitates the physical development of bobtail squid/mutualism, and can avoid predation
99
Virulence
ability to cause disease
100
Koch Postulates
a set of criteria used to establish a causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a disease
101
1 step in koch's Postulates
A suspected germ has to be present in every case of disease.
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3 step in koch's Postulates
The cultured germ must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy experimental host.
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2 step in koch's Postulates
The suspected germ should be isolated and grown in pure culture.
104
4 step in Koch's Postulates
The same germ must be re-isolated from the disease experimental host
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In step 2 of Koch postulates remember that...
We must be able to culture the said disease, and a virus can't be cultured, so it only works on bacteria and fungi.
106
Miasma
bad/poisoned air
107
What bacteria don't follow the typical "the number of pathogenic bacteria in a patient is greatest during the most severe disease stage.
Bordetella pertussis, as they are most severe in the prodromal period.
108
Are B.Theta fecal coliforms?
No, because they are anaerobes
109
Can bacteria influence mammalian development?
True
110
What bacteria are most common in the gut of mice?
B.Theta
111
What do fold in the epithelial do?
They increase surface are therefore able to absorb more nutrients. More dense=better at absorbing minerals
112
Where do the nutrients go after?
the cardiovascular system
113
Epithelial cells in the fold are..
constantly shedding because more prone to infections
114
Stem cells in the fold
making new epithelial because it is constantly shedding.
115
Paneth cells
increase the vasculature of the intestine (aka expanding the number of blood vessels) and inhibits the growth of bacteria in the intestine.
116
When B. Theta interacts with Paneth cells what do they make?
Proteins called Ang4 (angiogenin)
117
Angiogenin is in the family
Angiogenesis
118
what does Ang4 do?
make blood vessels and are antimicrobial.
119
Why is Ang4 being antimicrobial important?
Kills other microbes except for B. Theta because B. Theta activates its produced!!
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3 types of evidence- correlation
B. Theta happens to be in the small intestine and
there is a produce of Ang4 which makes more blood vessels
121
3 types of evidence- Necessity
If we remove B. Theta to see what happens when not present.
Germ free= little amount of blood vessels
Germ present= rich in blood vessels
122
3 types of evidence- Sufficiency
B. Theta later added and sufficient to restore normal development
123
What does the Mouse again, and what does the B.Theta gain?
B. Theta gains easy access to food and space
Mouse gains better nutrient absorption
124
The thymus, the spleen, and peyer patches are part of the
lymph system
125
Describe three mechanisms that help squid establish the symbiosis with V. Fishceri
- They beat their ciliated appendages on the light organ to attract bacteria
- They secrete a selective mucus for gram-negative bacteria
- The squid's hemocytes do not recognize V. Ficheri
126
What are two ways V. Fischeri escape squids immune system
- V. fischeri are resistant to squid acid and oxidase enzymes that kill bacteria
- V. fischeri are not recognized by squid hemocytes that destory other bacteria.
127
fomite
inanimate object that spread disease
128
What are the 5 phases in intensity of sign of symptoms in order!
Incubations, prodromal, Illness, Decline, Covalescence
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What is the incubations period
no sings or symptoms
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what is the prodromal period
vague general symptoms, like itchy throat
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what is the illness stage
most severe symptoms and signs
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what is the Decline stage
decline signs and symptoms
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what is the convalescene
no signs or symptoms
133
what bacteria does not follow this trend of signs and symptoms and why?
Bordetella pertussis doesn't follow the graph; it peaks in the prodromal period, therefore doesn't display severe symptoms
134
Direct contact
hand shakes, kissing, sex, bites
135
Indirect contact
drinking glass, toothbrushes, toys, punctures
136
droplet transmission
droplets from sneezing w/in 1 feet
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Airborne
dust particles
138
waterborne
steams, swimming pools
139
foodborne
poultry, seafood, meat
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mechanical vector transmission
on insect bodies flies, roaches
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biological vector transmission
lice, mites, mosquitoes, ticks
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Acute disease
disease in which symptoms develop rapidly that runs its course quickly
143
chronic disease
disease with mild symptoms that develop slowly and last long time
144
latent disease
within incubations period, they appear for a long time after infection
145
asymptomatic disease
disease w/out symptoms
146
communicable disease
disease transmitted from one host to another
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contagious disease
communicable disease that is easily spread
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noncommunicable disease
disease arising from outside of host or from opportunistic infections
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local infections
Infections confined to a small region of the body
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systemic infection
widespread infections in many systems of the body, travels from the lymph system
151
focal infections
infections that serve as a source of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body
152
primary infections
initial infection with a given patient
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secondary infections
infections that follow primary infections, often by opportunistic pathogens
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what do exotoxins
Bacteria secrete exotoxins like cytotoxins that kill the cell
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Endotoxins
Dead gram-negative bacteria release exotoxins i.e lipid A that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, and blood
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DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
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Hyaluronidase and collagenase
These are exoenzymes, not toxins! Bacteria release hyaluronidase which destroys polysaccharide b/n epithelial cells and collagenase, which invade deeper allowing bacteria penetrate deeper destroy collagen
158
Coagulase and Kinase
Bacteria produce Coagulase to form a blood clot. The clot is considered ectopic. The bacteria hide in the clot until the immune response is over, and grows. Bacteria later produces a kinase to break from clot
159
Phagocytosis block by capsule
A capsule around bacteria prevents phagocytes from binding to it, this is b/c bacteria starts producing human proteins tricking phagocytes
160
Incomplete phagocytosis
Bacteria after being engulfed (phagosomes) can't be lysed via lysosome, so it just hides in phagocytes and grow due to the capsule surrounding the bacteria, ir bacteria release cytotoxins to kill phagocytes
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membrane ruffling
Negative gram bacteria inject proteins via the type three secretions system
162
how does type 3 system
Bacteria inject effector proteins that manipulate the actin cytoskeleton to form an ectopic pseudopod shape to engulf bacteria. Once inside bacteria produce more effector proteins to return shape back to normal and bacteria goes deeper.
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Why do bacteria do type three secretions?
To avoid the immune response, if bacteria produce proteins on the outside, it alerts the immune system that something is wrong and kills the bacteria.
164
What structure latches onto the human plasma membrane in type 3 secretion
translocom
165
what is one role of Paneth cells
They secrete Ang 4 upon contact with B. theta
166
Biofilm
extracellular matrix of organic molecules secreted by bacteria onto a surface
167
planktonic
free swimming
168
sessile
surface associated
169
chemotaxis
movement towards an attractant or away from a repellant
170
A bacteria basal body moving clockwise cw
tumbling
171
A bacteria basal body moving counter-clockwise ccw
running
172
True or False bacteria can switch cw and ccw contantly and can't control this?
Yes!
173
what can bacteria control in terms of chemotaxis
They can control the speed or lower the tumbling
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what kind of bonds are present in antibodies
disulfide bonds
175
IgG distribution and functions?
blood, lymph and fx is complement activations (MAC), opsonization is able to cross the placenta
176
IgA distribution and functions?
secretions and fx is opsonization
176
IgM distribution and functions?
lymph, blood, and BCR, 1st antibody made
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177
IgE distribution and functions?
Blood and lymph and fx is allergic reactions and parasites
178
what is MAC
Membrane attack complex
179
contact transmissions
Direct contact, Indirect, Droplet transmissions
180
Vehicles transmission
Airborne, waterborne, foodborne
181
Vector transmission
mechanical, biological
