exam 2 bio400 Flashcards

Question

What are the sensory modalities for prey detection for sea otters

Answer 1

Use forepaws to find food and discriminate prey items without aid of vision

Answer 2

echolocation

Answer 3

Weddell seals Polar bears Leopard seals Killer whales

Answer 4

Bottlenose dolphin Killer whales with their white spots Humpback whales with the bubbles

Answer 5

Killer whales walruses

Answer 6

Sea otters - use rocks Certain bottlenose dolphins carry sponges on their rostra Killer whales creating waves to wash hauled out seals into the water

Answer 7

benthic organisms

Answer 8

Fish and cephalopods Large zooplankton

Answer 9

Sirenians (plants) Manatee grazing Only marine mammals herbivores Eat over 60 species of plants Turtle grass, manatee grass, shoal grass, mangrove leaves, water hyacinth and water hydrilla

Answer 10

Pinnipeds Most feed by direct capture of prey Elephant seals North pacific foraging grounds Improved energy stores add buoyancy over the course of a foraging trip otters odontocetes

Answer 11

mystictes pinniped

Answer 12

Strand feeding-dolphin Chase school of fish and drive them to shallow water and grab them out of water/land Crater feeding-dolphin Finding fish that bury themselves out of seafloor Tool use- dolphin Sponge carrying by bottlenose dolphins Mostly female Passed from mother to daughter Mostly in deep water More solitary than other dolphins More time spent foraging Co-operative foraging An outcome that despite potential costs increases the fitness of the members of a group and whose achievement requires collective action Three phases of foraging Finding food Concentrating food Capturing food Mammal hunters Pods (family groups) of some killer whales feed on marine mammals

Answer 13

sperm whales

Answer 14

mother-offspring bond

Answer 15

Protection from predators. Increased hunting success. Potential for kin selection.

Answer 16

bottlenose dolphin

Answer 17

Matrilineal family groups

Answer 18

bottlenose dolphin

Answer 19

Aggregations provide individuals no additional benefit of cogreating Manatees all gathering in one warm spot for thermoregulation Groups are any set of individuals which remain together for an extended period of time interacting with each other, providing benefits to group members Benefits and costs of group living

Answer 20

Odontocetes, unlike terrestrial mammals, rely predominantly on the acoustic channel for communication. The ocean is highly favorable for acoustic communication over ranges of more than several meters. This is particularly important for highly mobile animals such as cetaceans, where animals that share bonds often separate by kilometers, and where potential mates may be separated by tens of kilometers The narrow-band frequency contours of signature whistles should be relatively impervious to pressure changes and may also be optimal for detection in the noisy underwater environment

Answer 21

Kin selection Early detection of danger Increase foraging efficiency Reduce predation

Answer 22

Increased competition over access to resources Mating opportunity Exposure to infection Conspicuousness to predators Unequal contribution by group member

Answer 23

Natural selection in favor of behaviors by individuals, even those that may decrease their chance of their individual survival, that increases the survival of their kin (who share a proportion of their genes).

Answer 24

Often live in solairtaily except for mother calf associations Social interactions are brief and unstructured reflecting the nature of their food and lower predation pressure due to their large bodies Do aggregate in feeding areas and during mating season

Answer 25

Females must return to land or ice for parturition Predator avoidance has resulted in breeding on oceanic islands

Answer 26

each individual mates exclusively with a single individual of the opposite sex each breeding cycle

Answer 27

males breed with more than one female Determined by the degree in which receptive females are aggregated in space and time Physical correlates of polygny Extreme sexual dimorphism (with larger males) Drivers of sexual dimorphism Female choice Male competition dominance/fighting endurance Secondary sexual characteristics Shape Canines Color and pelage

Answer 28

females breed with more than one male

Answer 29

absence of any pait bond between males and females

Answer 30

Males display to female sin a common arena Females choose which male to mate with Choice of site on breeding beach Choice of location in harem Eliciting male-male competition Courtship behavior toward preferred males

Answer 31

Males defend resources essential to females Steller's sea lion male territories on chiswell island alaska

Answer 32

Group female defense Males defend multiple females directly Elephant seals

Answer 33

Males defend single females directly Hooded seals

Answer 34

Extreme skew in reproductive success often leads to the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies For elephant seals Dominant males compete directly in a dominance hierarchy Subordinate males obtain stea;th matings with peripheral females Intercepting females leaving the breeding beach

Answer 35

Reduce predation risk Dispersed ice breeding seals would have fewer predators at haul out sites Colonial breeders would have higher pup survival The reality: Predation is high for arctic species pups Dense aggregations lead to pup mortality Find mates Aggregations lead to more males at the breeding location Increased potential for higher quality mates Females in dense aggregation can protest matings by unwanted males This can draw dominant males attention Reduce male harassment Male harassment is a leading cause of mortality in solitary breeding pairs at the edge of colonies Typical pup mortality from male harassment within colonies is 0.7%

Answer 36

Protection from male harassment High quality territory High quality genes for offspring

Answer 37

Aggregation density of females

exam 2 bio400 Flashcards

(67 cards)