Exam 2 COVID19

Question 1

Viruses are considered:

Answer 1

Non-living - no intrinsic metabolism so reliant upon host cell. No independent replication

Question 2

Naked viruses have:

Answer 2

1. capsid
2. nucleocapsid

Question 3

Capsid

Answer 3

Protein coat that surrounds viral genome

Question 4

Nucleocapsid

Answer 4

Capsin and viral genome together

Question 5

Enveloped viruses

Answer 5

Host membrane derived, includes viral proteins in membrane lipids

Question 6

Envelope is ____ to the nucleocapsid

Answer 6

External

Question 7

What type of DNA does coronavirus have?

Answer 7

ssRNA positive strand

Question 8

True or false: Coronavirus is an enveloped virus

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Method of spread for coronavirus

Answer 9

Respiratory (liquid droplets in the air)

Question 10

How far can coronavirus spread if coughing or sneezing?

Answer 10

18 feet

Question 11

COVID-19 has a ____ greater mortality rate compared to seasonal influenza

Answer 11

40x

Question 12

What is the most common symptom of COVID19?

Answer 12

Fever (83-99%)

Question 13

What are some risk factors for hospitalization?

Answer 13

1. Age >= 80 is the greatest risk
2. Pre-existing conditions (cancer, diabetes, asthma, heart, obesity, liver/kidney disease)

Question 14

Methods of COVID19 prevention

Answer 14

1. Social distancing
2. PPE
3. Vaccination

Question 15

COVID19 binds to what receptor to get into cells?

Answer 15

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

Question 16

Most abundant expression of ACE2 is on:

Answer 16

Type II alveolar cells

Question 17

Where are ACE2 receptors expressed?

Answer 17

All cells in the body - specifically heart, liver, GI tract

Question 18

_____ cleaves viral S protein to facilitate fusion

Answer 18

TMPRSS2

Question 19

ACE2 coreceptor

Answer 19

TMPRSS2

Question 20

COVID19 viral replication uses what kind of polymerase?

Answer 20

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(Not found in humans - needs to be DNA dependent)

Question 21

Severe COVID19 is associated with ____ due to ____

Answer 21

Systemic hyperinflammation due to cytokine storm/cytokine release syndrome (CRS)

Question 22

Severe COVID is associated with elevated levels of what cytokine?

Answer 22

IL-6 (mainly)
Also IL-2

Question 23

Describe COVID19 pathology in the lungs

Answer 23

Pulmonary edema (increased vascular permeability)
Alveolar interstitial thickening reduces O2 diffusion
Massive leukocyte infiltration

Question 24

Radiologic findings in COVID19

Answer 24

Bilateral, multi-lobar, ground glass opacity

Question 25

Clinical findings in COVID19

Answer 25

Plasmacytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage

Question 26

Pediatric vs adult - who is more susceptible?

Answer 26

Adults

Question 27

Why are children less susceptible to getting COVID19?

Answer 27

ACE2 expression is hormone dependent, so kids who have not gone through puberty don't have as much ACE2 expression leading to less entryway for COVID19

Question 28

TMPRSS2 mRNA is upregulated by:

Answer 28

Androgen

Question 29

Men express more _____ than women

Answer 29

TMPRSS2 (due to higher androgen levels)

Question 30

Mortality from COVID19 is higher in men or women?

Answer 30

Men

Question 31

Which drug directly inhibits SARS-CoV-2, specifically the enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?

Answer 31

Remdesivir/Ritonavir

Question 32

Convalescent plasma treatment includes:

Answer 32

Survivor antibodies against COVID19 (IgM, IgG)

Question 33

Remdesivir was originally developed for:

Answer 33

Hepatitis C

Question 34

Remdisivir structure has a ____ analog

Answer 34

nucleoside triphosphate

Question 35

Dexamethasone effects

Answer 35

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant - may reduce cytokine storm in COVID 19 severe cases

Question 36

Dexamethasone is usually used to treat:

Answer 36

Autoimmune disease and ease cancer treatment effects

Question 37

Tocilizumab

Answer 37

Immunosuppressive drug for monoclonal antibodies

Question 38

What does Tocilizumab act on?

Answer 38

Blocks IL-6 receptor; anti-inflammatory

Question 39

CQ and HCQ are also known as:

Answer 39

Zinc ionophores

Question 40

Zinc inhibits:

Answer 40

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Question 41

Which drug does not work against COVID19?

Answer 41

HCQ (used to treat malaria)

Question 42

COVID-19 R0

Answer 42

6

Question 43

Omicron variants R0

Answer 43

9.5

Question 44

Why don't we use tamiflu for COVID19?

Answer 44

Works as a neuraminidase inhibitor, and COVID19 doesn't have that

Question 45

COVID 19 mRNA vaccines stimulate:

Answer 45

CMI CD8 response via MHC 1

Question 46

Vaccine can be up to ___ effective

Answer 46

95% (Pfizer)

Question 47

Does mouthwash eliminate COVID?

Answer 47

Yes - following 15 seconds of exposure, reduction in viral load of >99.99%